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'''Birmingham''' er en by og storbyområde i [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]], med {{WD indbyg1/år/text|ref=ja}} indbyggere, hvilket gør det til den næststørste by i [[Storbritannien]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Planning-and-Regeneration%2FPageLayout&cid=1223096353755&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |title=Population and Census |publisher=Birmingham City Council |date=7. juli 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101950/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Planning-and-Regeneration%2FPageLayout&cid=1223096353755&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |archivedate=26. november 2015 |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="ONS-2001-2011_census">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-england-and-wales---unrounded-figures-for-the-data-published-16-july-2012/rft-1-2-ew-fact-file.xls|title=2011 Census: Population and household estimates fact file, unrounded estimates, local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 708Kb)|accessdate=30. december 2013|date=24. september 2012|format=xls|publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref><ref name="BUA2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| work= | publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=4. juli 2013}}</ref><ref name="BrookingsMetroEconomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global MetroMonitor |accessdate=23. december 2013 |last1=Istrate |first1=Emilia |last2=Nadeau |first2=Carey Anne |date=November 2012 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=The Brookings Institution |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4. juni 2013}}</ref> Den er centrum for [[West Midlands konurbation]], som er det tredje mesttredjemest befolkede område i Storbritannien, med en estimeret populationbefolkning på 2.440.986 i 2011.<ref name="BUAR2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census - Built-up areas| work= | publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=4. juli 2013}}</ref> TheDet widerstørre [[List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom|Birmingham metropolitan area]] iser thedet secondandetstørste largesti in the United KingdomStorbritannien, withhvor abefolkningen populationer ofpå 3.,7 millionmillioner. Birmingham isbliver frequentlyofte referredkaldt toEnglands asanden theby. second city of England.<ref>{{cite web |title=England’s second city: Birmingham |url=http://www.britain-magazine.com/carousel/birmingham-englands-second-city/ |publisher=Britain Magazine |accessdate=11. juni 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nation’s ‘second city’, Birmingham, is UK’s fastest growing regional tourist destination, according to figures |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/smallbusiness/article-3287741/Nation-s-second-city-Birmingham-UK-s-fastest-growing-regional-tourist-destination-according-figures.html |publisher=This is Money |accessdate=11. juni 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An ode to Birmingham: how can the UK's second city fix its image problem? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/12/ode-to-birmingham-britain-second-city |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=11. juni 2018}}</ref>
Det er en [[købstad]] fra [[middelalderen]], men særligt i 1700-tallet og under den efterfølgende [[industrielle revolution]] skete der en stor udvikling inden for både videnskab, teknologi og økonomi i byen, der producerede en række innovationinnovationer, der lagde grundstenene til det moderne [[industrisamfund]].<ref name="indsoc">{{harvnb|Uglow|2011|pp=iv, 860–861}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2008|pp=14, 19, 71, 82–83, 231–232}}</ref> I 1791 blev den hyldet som "den første produktionsby i verden".<ref>{{harvnb|Hopkins|1989|p=26}}</ref> Birminghams særlige økonomiske profil, med tusindvis af små virksomheder, der udførte en lang række højt specialiserede erhverv medførte en enorm mængde kreativitet og innovation, hvilket gav byen et økonomisk boost, der fortsatte helt frem til den sidste fjerdelfjerdedel af 1900-tallet. [[Watt-dampmaskine|Watt-dampmaskinen]] blev opfundet i Birmingham.<ref>{{harvnb|Berg|1991|pp=174, 184}}; {{cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Jane|title=The economy of cities|year=1969|publisher=Random House|location=New York|oclc=5585|pages=86–89}}</ref>
Den affødte høje grad af [[social mobilitet]] fostrede også en kultur med [[politisk radikalisering]] under ledere som [[Thomas Attwood (økonom)|Thomas Attwood]] og [[Joseph Chamberlain]], der fik stor politisk indflydelse, som ikke blev set andre steder i Storbritannien uden for [[London]], og. deDe fik afgørende betydning for udviklignenudviklingen af det britiske demokrati.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2005|loc=jacket|quote=Such a firm basis of local support enabled political leaders, from Thomas Attwood to Neville Chamberlain, to exert leverage in national politics. No provincial city had a greater influence on the shaping of British democracy and on the governance of the British state than Birmingham.}}; {{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Asa|authorlink=Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs|title=Victorian Cities|origyear=1965|year=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=0-14-013582-0|pages=185; 187–189}}; {{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Roy|authorlink=Roy Jenkins|title=Twelve cities: a personal memoir|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UBmWDk5V9BAC|accessdate=2. oktober 2011|year=2004|publisher=Pan Macmillan|location=London|isbn=0-330-49333-7|pages=50–51}}</ref> Fra sommeren 1940 og frem til foråret 1943 blev [[Birmingham blitz|Birmingham voldsomt bombet]] af det [[Luftwaffe|tyske Luftwaffe]] under [[andenAnden verdenskrig]], under det som nu er kendt som [[Birmingham Blitz]]. Ødelæggelserne i byens infrastruktur samt den overlagte politik om at nedrive og opføre nye bygninger i stedet, ledte til en stor [[byfornyelse]] i de efterfølgende årtier.
BirminghamsBirmingham er i dag domineret af [[servicesektor]]en.<ref name="nomisweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157186/report.aspx#tabjobs|title=Employee jobs (2012)|accessdate=29. marts 2014|work=Nomis – official labour market statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Byen er et stort international kommercielt centrum, og er rangeret som en gamma+ [[verdensby]] af [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]];<ref name="TheWorld">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Globalization and World Cities Research Network|accessdate=5. maj 2017}}</ref> og det er et vigtig sted for transport, handel, events og konferencer. Det er metropoløkonomimetropol-økonomi, og den næststørste i Storbritannien med et [[GDP]] på $121.1 mia. (2014),<ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2014 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18. november 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4. juni 2013}}</ref> og byens seks universiteter gør den til det største uddannelsescentrum for [[videregående uddannelse]]r uden for London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0809.xls?v=1.0 |title=Table 0 – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study and domicile 2008/09 |accessdate=31. januar 2011 |publisher=Higher education Statistics Agency }}; {{cite web|url=http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/09-12-17%20Birmingham%20University%20Challenge.pdf |title=University Challenge: Growing the Knowledge Economy in Birmingham |accessdate=11. november 2013 |last=Aldred |first=Tom |year=2009 |format=PDF |location=London |publisher=Centre for Cities |page=12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111215357/http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/09-12-17%20Birmingham%20University%20Challenge.pdf |archivedate=11. november 2013 |df= }}</ref> Birminghams store kulturinstitutioner – [[City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra]], [[Birmingham Royal Ballet]], [[Birmingham Repertory Theatre]], [[Library of Birmingham]] og [[Barber Institute of Fine Arts]] – nyder alle et internationalt ry,<ref>{{cite news|first=Fiona |last=Maddocks |title=Andris Nelsons, magician of Birmingham |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/06/andris-nelsons-conductor-cbso-city-culture-2013?cat=music&type=article |work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=6. juni 2010 |accessdate=31. januar 2011 |location=London }}; {{cite news|first=Debra |last=Craine |title=Birmingham Royal Ballet comes of age |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/dance/article7036522.ece |work=The Times |publisher=Times Newspapers |date=23. februar 2010 |accessdate=31. januar 2011 }}; {{cite web|url=http://www.johansens.com/england/birmingham/the-barber-institute-of-fine-arts |title=The Barber Institute of Fine Arts |accessdate=31. januar 2011 |work=Johansens |publisher=Condé Nast |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140935/http://www.johansens.com/england/birmingham/the-barber-institute-of-fine-arts |archivedate=3. juli 2011 |df= }}</ref> og byen har en levende og indflydelsesrig græsrodsbevægelse inden for kunst, musik, litteratur og gastronomi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Price|first=Matt|year=2008|title=A Hitchhiker' s Guide to the Gallery – Where to see art in Birmingham and the West Midlands|location=London|publisher=Arts Co|url=http://www.arts-co.com/assets/pdfs/MattPrice.pdf|accessdate=11. november 2013}}; {{cite news|first=Alison|last=King|title=Forget Madchester, it's all about the B-Town scene|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/forget-madchester-its-all-about-the-btown-scene-8207631.html|work=The Independent|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=13. oktober 2012|accessdate=11. november 2013|location=London}}; {{Cite news|last=Segal|first=Francesca|title=Why Birmingham rules the literary roost|newspaper=The Observer|publication-place=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media|publicationdate=3 August 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/03/bookerprize.history|accessdate=11. november 2013}}; {{cite news|first=Lobrano|last=Alexander|title=Birmingham, England – Could England's second city be first in food?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/travel/45-places-to-go-in-2012.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=6. januar 2012|accessdate=31. december 2013}}</ref> Birmingham er den fjerde mest besøgte by blandt udenlandske gæster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ott/travel-trends/2014/rpt-travel-trends--2014.html#tab-Overseas-residents--visits-to-the-UK|title=Travel Trends, 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
Birminghams to professionelle fodboldklubber er [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]] og [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], hvoraf den sidste har haft størst syccessucces med syv ligatitler og én [[UEFA Champions League|europæisk]]. Birmingham er blevet udvalgt til [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-40334223|title=Stadium expansion at heart of 2022 bid|date=20. juni 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
Personer fra Birmingham kaldes [[Brummie]]s, hvilket er et termudtryk, der er afledt af byens kælenavn "Brum", der stammer fra byens gamle navn, [[Brummagem]]. Dette navn menes at være afledt fra "Bromwich-ham".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-bru2.htm |title= Brummagem |publisher=Worldwidewords.com |date=13. december 2003 |accessdate=7. juni 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=William|last=Hutton |title=An History of Birmingham |year=1783 }}</ref>
== Historie ==
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