Wikipedia

Konspirationsteori: Forskelle mellem versioner

Gennemse historikken interaktivt
← Gå til forrige forskelGå til næste forskel →
Content deleted Content added
VisueltWikitekst
mNo edit summary
Add 3 books for Wikipedia:Verificerbarhed (20210720)) #IABot (v2.0.8) (GreenC bot
Linje 7:
*{{cite journal |last1=Thresher-Andrews |first1=Christopher |title=An introduction into the world of conspiracy |journal=PsyPAG Quarterly |volume=88 |year=2013 |pages=5–8 |url=http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf |quote=Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments.}}</ref> Begrebet er negativt ladet, for det indebærer, at forestillingen er baseret på [[fordom]]me og utilstrækkelig dokumentation.<ref name=Byford>{{Cite book |title=Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction |last=Byford |first=Jovan |date=2011 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=9780230349216 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |oclc=802867724}}</ref> I en konspirationsteori er forestillingen om sammensværgelsen kendetegnet ved at gå imod den fremherskende opfattelse blandt de lærde og uddannede, fx inden for [[naturvidenskab]] og [[historie]], altså folk som anses for de bedst egnede til at vurdere en sådan teoris troværdighed.<ref name="Barkun2016">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/0392192116669288 |title=Conspiracy Theories as Stigmatized Knowledge |journal=Diogenes |pages=114–120 |year=2016 |last1=Barkun |first1=Michael|volume=62 |issue=3–4 }}</ref><ref name="Brotherton2013-q">{{cite journal |last1=Brotherton |first1=Robert |title=Towards a definition of 'conspiracy theory' |journal=PsyPAG Quarterly |volume=88 |year=2013 |pages=9–14 |url=http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf |quote=A conspiracy theory is not merely one candidate explanation among other equally plausible alternatives. Rather, the label refers to a claim which runs counter to a more plausible and widely accepted account...[Conspiratorial beliefs are] invariably at odds with the mainstream consensus among scientists, historians, or other legitimate judges of the claim's veracity.}}</ref>
 
Konspirationsteorier afviser alle former for modbeviser og baserer sig gerne på [[Cirkulær argumentation|cirkelslutninger]]: såvel kendsgerninger der modsiger teorien som mangel på kendsgerninger der støtter den anses ikke at være til hinder for, at den er sand.<ref name="Byford" /><ref name="Keeley1999">{{Cite journal |last=Keeley |first=Brian L. |date=March 1999 |title=Of Conspiracy Theories |journal=The Journal of Philosophy |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=109–126 |doi=10.2307/2564659|jstor=2564659 }}</ref> Herved bliver en konspirationsteori til et spørgsmål om tro, og ikke noget som kan bevises eller modbevises.<ref name="Barkun2003">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barkun|title=A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|pages=3–4[https://archive.org/details/cultureconspirac00bark_286/page/n15 3]–4|title-link=A Culture of Conspiracy}}</ref><ref name="Barkun2011">{{cite book|last1=Barkun|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barkun|title=Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11|url=https://archive.org/details/chasingphantomsr11bark|date=2011|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|page=[https://archive.org/details/chasingphantomsr11bark/page/n30 10]}}</ref> Forskning tyder på, at det at tro på konspirationsteorier kan være psykisk skadeligt og sygeligt,<ref name="Freeman 595–604">{{Cite journal|last1=Freeman|first1=Daniel|last2=Bentall|first2=Richard P.|date=29 March 2017|title=The concomitants of conspiracy concerns|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=52|issue=5|pages=595–604|doi=10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4|issn=0933-7954|pmc=5423964|pmid=28352955}}</ref><ref name="Barron 156–159">{{Cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=David|last2=Morgan|first2=Kevin|last3=Towell|first3=Tony|last4=Altemeyer|first4=Boris|last5=Swami|first5=Viren|date=November 2014|title=Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|language=en|volume=70|pages=156–159|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040|url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/14570/1/1-s2.0-S0191886914003821-main.pdf}}</ref> og at det er kædet sammen med [[Projektion (psykologi)|psykologisk projektion]], [[paranoia]] og [[machiavellisme]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Douglas|first1=Karen M.|last2=Sutton|first2=Robbie M.|date=12 April 2011|title=Does it take one to know one? Endorsement of conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/26187/1/Douglas%20%26%20Sutton%202011%20BJSP.pdf|journal=British Journal of Social Psychology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=544–552|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x|pmid=21486312|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103180834/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/26187/1/Douglas%20%26%20Sutton%202011%20BJSP.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> foruden fænomenet [[apophenia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dean|first=Signe|date=23 October 2017|title=Conspiracy Theorists Really Do See The World Differently, New Study Shows|url=https://www.sciencealert.com/conspiracy-theory-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception-cognitive-science|access-date=17 June 2020|publisher=[[Journal of Biological Sciences|Science Alert]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sloat|first=Sarah|date=17 October 2017|title=Conspiracy Theorists Have a Fundamental Cognitive Problem, Say Scientists|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/37463-conspiracy-beliefs-illusory-pattern-perception|access-date=17 June 2020|publisher=[[Bustle (magazine)|Inverse]]}}</ref>
 
Gennem historien har konspirationsteorier været tæt knyttet til [[fordom]]me, [[heksejagt]]er, [[krig]]e og [[folkedrab]].<ref name="DouglasUscinski2019">{{cite journal |last1=Douglas |first1=Karen M. |last2=Uscinski |first2=Joseph E. |last3=Sutton |first3=Robbie M. |last4=Cichocka |first4=Aleksandra |last5=Nefes |first5=Turkay |last6=Ang |first6=Chee Siang |last7=Deravi |first7=Farzin |title=Understanding Conspiracy Theories |journal=Political Psychology |volume=40 |issue=S1 |year=2019 |pages=3–35 |issn=0162-895X |doi=10.1111/pops.12568|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Goertzel2010">{{cite journal|last1=Goertzel|first1=Ted|title=Conspiracy theories in science|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=11|issue=7|year=2010|pages=493–499|issn=1469-221X|doi=10.1038/embor.2010.84|pmid=20539311|pmc=2897118}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion |date=2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-38202-2 |language=en |last1=Nefes |first1=Turkay |pages=407–422 |chapter=Framing of a Conspiracy Theory: The Efendi Series|quote=Conspiracy theories often function as popular conduits of ethno-religious hatred and conflict.}}</ref> Personer som står bag [[Terrorisme|terrorangreb]], som fx [[Timothy McVeigh]] og [[Anders Breivik]], tror ofte fuldt og fast på konspirationsteorier, men det kan også gælde et lands regering, som det fx har været tilfældet i [[Nazi-Tyskland]], [[Sovjetunionen]]<ref name="DouglasUscinski2019" /> og [[Tyrkiet]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Göknar |first1=Erdağ |title=Conspiracy Theory in Turkey: Politics and Protest in the Age of "Post-Truth" by Julian de Medeiros (review) |journal=The Middle East Journal |date=2019 |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=336–337 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/730239 |language=en |issn=1940-3461}}</ref> Da [[Sydafrika|Sydafrikas]] regering på baggrund af konspirationsteorier benægtede, at der var en sammenhæng mellem [[Human immundefektvirus|HIV]] og [[AIDS]], medførte det omkring 330.000 AIDS-dødsfald.<ref name="Thresher-Andrews2013">{{cite journal |last1=Thresher-Andrews |first1=Christopher |title=An introduction into the world of conspiracy |journal=PsyPAG Quarterly |volume=88 |year=2013 |pages=5–8 |url=http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SimelelaVenter2015">{{cite journal |last1=Simelela |first1=Nono |last2=Venter |first2=W. D. Francois |last3=Pillay |first3=Yogan |last4=Barron |first4=Peter |title=A Political and Social History of HIV in South Africa |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=256–261 |issn=1548-3568 |doi=10.1007/s11904-015-0259-7|pmid=25929959 |s2cid=23483038 }}</ref><ref name="BurtonGiddy2015">{{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Rosie |last2=Giddy |first2=Janet |last3=Stinson |first3=Kathryn |title=Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in South Africa: an ever-changing landscape |journal=Obstetric Medicine |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=5–12 |issn=1753-495X |doi=10.1177/1753495X15570994|pmid=27512452 |pmc=4934997 }}</ref> [[QAnon]]-bevægelsens benægtelse af resultatet af [[Præsidentvalget i USA 2020|præsidentvalget i USA i 2020]] førte i begyndelsen af 2021 til [[Stormen på United States Capitol 2021|stormen på United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite web |title=QAnon Capitol Siege Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/13/qanon-capitol-siege-trump/ |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> Under en [[hungersnød]],<ref name="Goertzel2010"/> der ramte 3 mio mennesker, afslog [[Zambia|Zambias]] regering, på baggrund af konspirationsteorier om genmodificeret mad, fødevarehjælp fra USA.<ref name="BrossardShanahan2007">{{cite book|author1=Dominique Brossard|author2=James Shanahan|author3=T. Clint Nesbitt|title=The Media, the Public and Agricultural Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dq1frsw9alkC|year=2007|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-204-6|pages=343, 353}}</ref> Konspirationsteorier er en alvorlig hindring for forbedringer i [[Folkesundhedsvidenskab|folkesundhed]],<ref name="Goertzel2010"/><ref name="GlickBooth2014">{{cite journal |last1=Glick |first1=Michael |last2=Booth |first2=H. Austin |title=Conspiracy ideation |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=145 |issue=8 |year=2014 |pages=798–799 |issn=0002-8177 |doi=10.1016/S0002-8177(14)60181-1|pmid=25082925 }}</ref> når de fx opfordrer til at man afstår fra [[vaccination]] og fra at lade drikkevand behandle med [[Fluor|flour]], og de er sat i forbindelse med sygdomsudbrud, som kunne være undgået med vacciner.<ref name="Goertzel2010" /><ref name="Thresher-Andrews2013" /><ref name="GlickBooth2014" /><ref name="PrematungeCorace2012">{{cite journal |last1=Prematunge |first1=Chatura |last2=Corace |first2=Kimberly |last3=McCarthy |first3=Anne |last4=Nair |first4=Rama C. |last5=Pugsley |first5=Renee |last6=Garber |first6=Gary |title=Factors influencing pandemic influenza vaccination of healthcare workers—A systematic review |journal=Vaccine |volume=30 |issue=32 |year=2012 |pages=4733–4743 |issn=0264-410X |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.018|pmid=22643216 }}</ref> Andre følgevirkninger af konspirationsteorier er manglende tillid til [[videnskabelig dokumentation]],<ref name="Goertzel2010" /><ref name="Douglas 538–542">{{Cite journal|last1=Douglas|first1=Karen M.|last2=Sutton|first2=Robbie M.|last3=Cichocka|first3=Aleksandra|date=1 December 2017|title=The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|language=en|volume=26|issue=6|pages=538–542|doi=10.1177/0963721417718261|issn=0963-7214|pmc=5724570|pmid=29276345}}</ref> radikalisering og ideologisk styrkelse af [[Ekstremisme|ekstremistiske]] grupper,<ref name="DouglasUscinski2019" /><ref name="Brotherton2015-2">{{cite book |author=Robert Brotherton |title=Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories |chapter=Chapter 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awrcCQAAQBAJ |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-1564-1}}</ref> samt negative følger for [[Økonomi|økonomien]].<ref name="DouglasUscinski2019"/>
 
Hvor konspirationsteorier tidligere mest florerede i små, marginale kredse, blev de i årtierne omkring 2000 til et udbredt kulturelt fænomen i [[Massemedie|massemedier]] og på [[sociale medier]].{{sfn|Barkun|2003|p=58}}<ref name="Camp 1997">{{Cite book|title=Selling Fear: Conspiracy Theories and End-Times Paranoia|author=Camp, Gregory S.|publisher=Commish Walsh|year=1997|asin=B000J0N8NC}}</ref><ref name="Goldberg 2001">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/enemieswithincul00gold_0|title=Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America|author=Goldberg, Robert Alan|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-300-09000-0|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217045836/https://archive.org/details/enemieswithincul00gold_0|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fenster 2008">{{Cite book|title=Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/conspir_fen_2008_00_4012|author=Fenster, Mark|publisher=University of Minnesota Press; 2nd edition|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8166-5494-9}}</ref> Det er fremført, at denne tids omsiggribende følelse af [[ensomhed]] har medvirket hertil.<ref>Mads Zacho Teglskov: ''Ensomhed er det 21. århundredes dominerende følelse, og den truer med at ødelægge vores samfund og gøre os til dårligere mennesker'', interview med den engelske økonom Noreena Hertz, Politiken, 26. juni 2021</ref> Teorierne har tilhængere over hele verden, og nogle steder tror endda et flertal af befolkningen på dem.<ref name="van ProoijenDouglas2018">{{cite journal |last1=van Prooijen |first1=Jan-Willem |last2=Douglas |first2=Karen M. |title=Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |volume=48 |issue=7 |year=2018 |pages=897–908 |issn=0046-2772 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2530|pmid=30555188 |pmc=6282974 }}</ref><ref name="SunsteinVermeule2009">{{cite journal|last1=Sunstein |first1=Cass R. |last2=Vermeule |first2=Adrian |title=Conspiracy Theories: Causes and Cures |journal=Journal of Political Philosophy |volume=17 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=202–227 |issn=0963-8016 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x}}</ref><ref name="Brotherton2015-i">{{cite book |author=Robert Brotherton |title=Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories |chapter=Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awrcCQAAQBAJ |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-1564-1}}</ref>
 
Indgreb mod udbredelsen af konspirationsteorier består i at fastholde et åbent samfund og styrke befolkningens evne til analytisk tænkning.<ref name="van ProoijenDouglas2018" /><ref name="SunsteinVermeule2009" />
Hentet fra "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspirationsteori"