Bruger:Gorbi/Kladde4: Forskelle mellem versioner

|sted = [[North American Continent]], [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Pacific Ocean]]

|resultat = Allierede sejr, Nordamerika forsvaret, Axis objectives failed or did not affect the outcome of the conflict.

|fører1 =

|fører2 =

Japanske hangarskibsbaseret fly udførte to angreb på den amerikanske militærbase i [[Dutch Harbor]], [[Alaska]], om natten mellem den [[3. juni|3.]]-[[4. juni]] [[1942]], som en del af deres vildledning i [[Aleuterne]] under [[Slaget om Midway]]. Angrebet koststede 78 amerikanske soldater livet og 10 japanske tab. De amerikanske styrker var i stand til at redde en nedstyrtet japansk [[Akutan Zero|Zero]], som gav amerikanerne værdifulde tekniske oplysninger.

 

{{main|Battle of the Aleutian Islands}}

 

|url=http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/e-resources/ebooks/images/efd2929.pdf

|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service

|accessdate=2008-02-09}}</ref>

In response to the United States' success at the [[Battle of Midway]], the invasion alert for [[San Francisco]] was canceled on June 8, 1942.

 

On June 20, 1942, the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-26|''I-26'']], under the command of Yokota Minoru<ref name=sensuikan>{{Citation

|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-26.htm

|publisher=combinedfleet.com

|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>, fired 25-30 rounds of 5.5" shells at the [[Estevan Point]] lighthouse on [[Vancouver Island]] in [[British Columbia]], but failed to hit its target.<ref>{{Citation

|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>

 

{{seealso|Bombardment of Fort Stevens}}

In what became the only attack on a mainland American military installation during World War II, the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-25|''I-25'']], under the command of Tagami Meiji,<ref name=sensuikan /> surfaced near the mouth of the [[Columbia River]], [[Oregon]] on the night of June 21 and June 22, 1942, and fired shells toward [[Fort Stevens (Oregon)|Fort Stevens]]. The only damage officially recorded was to a [[baseball|baseball field]]'s backstop. Probably the most significant damage was a shell that damaged some large phone cables. The Fort Stevens gunners were refused permission to return fire, since it would have helped the Japanese locate their target more accurately. American aircraft on training flights spotted the submarine, which was subsequently attacked by a US bomber, but it escaped.

 

{{main|Lookout Air Raid}}

 

The Lookout Air Raid occurred on September 9, 1942. The first and only [[Airstrike|aerial bombing]] of mainland America by a foreign power occurred when an attempt to start a [[forest fire]] was made by a Japanese [[Yokosuka E14Y|Yokosuka E14Y1]] [[seaplane]] dropping two {{convert|80|kg|abbr=on}} [[incendiary bomb]]s over [[Mount Emily]], near [[Brookings, Oregon]]. The seaplane, piloted by [[Nobuo Fujita]], had been launched from the Japanese [[submarine aircraft carrier]] ''[[Japanese submarine I-25|I-25]]''. No significant damage was officially reported following the attack, nor after a repeat attempt on September 29.

 

{{main|Fire balloon}}

 

Between November 1944 and April 1945, Japan launched over 9,000 fire balloons toward North America. Carried by the recently-discovered Pacific [[jet stream]], they were to sail over the Pacific Ocean and land in North America, where the Japanese hoped they would start forest fires and cause other damage. About three hundred were reported as reaching North America, but little damage was caused. Six people (five children and a woman) became the only deaths due to enemy action to occur on mainland America during World War II when one of the children tampered with a bomb from a balloon near [[Bly, Oregon]] and it exploded. Recently released reports by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and the Canadian military indicate that fire balloons reached as far inland as [[Saskatchewan]]. A fire balloon is also considered to be a possible cause of the final fire in the [[Tillamook Burn]]. One member of the [[555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)]] died while responding to a fire in the Northwest August 6, 1945; other casualties of the 555th were two fractures and 20 other injuries.

 

{{main|Duquesne Spy Ring}}

Even before the war, a large Nazi spy ring was found operating in the United States. The ''Duquesne Spy Ring'' is still the largest espionage case in United States history that ended in convictions. The 33 German agents that formed the Duquesne spy ring were placed in key jobs in the United States to get information that could be used in the event of war and to carry out acts of sabotage: one person opened a restaurant and used his position to get information from his customers; another person worked on an airline so that he could report allied ships that were crossing the Atlantic Ocean; others in the ring worked as delivery persons so that they could deliver secret messages alongside normal messages. The ring was led by Captain [[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]], a South African [[Boer]] who spied for Germany in both World Wars and is best known as "''The man who killed [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]]''" after he was awarded the [[Iron Cross]] for his key role in the sabotage and sinking of ''[[HMS Hampshire (1903)|HMS Hampshire]]'' in 1916.<ref name="clementwood">{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Clement |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The man who killed Kitchener; the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne |year=1932 |publisher=William Faro, inc |location=New York |isbn= }}</ref> [[William G. Sebold]], a [[double agent]] for the United States, was a major factor in the [[FBI]]'s successful resolution of this case. For nearly two years, Sebold ran a radio station in New York for the ring, giving the FBI valuable information on what Germany was sending to its spies in the United States while also controlling the information that was being transmitted to Germany. On June 29, 1941, the FBI closed in. All 33 spies were arrested, found guilty, and sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison.

 

{{main|Operation Pastorius}}

When the United States entered World War II, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the remaining German [[saboteur]]s to wreak havoc on the country. The responsibility for carrying this out was given to German Intelligence ([[Abwehr]]). In June 1942, eight agents were recruited and divided into two teams: the first, commanded by [[George John Dasch]], with [[Ernst Peter Burger]], Heinrich Heinck and Richard Quirin; the second, under the command of Edward Kerling, with Hermann Neubauer, Werner Thiel and Herbert Haupt.

|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>

 

In 1944 there was another attempt at infiltration, codenamed ''Operation Elster'' ("Magpie"). Elster involved [[Erich Gimpel]] and German American defector [[William Colepaugh]]. Their mission objective was to gather intelligence on the [[Manhattan Project]] and attempt sabotage if possible. The pair sailed from Kiel on ''[[Unterseeboot 1230|U-1230]]'' and landed at [[Hancock Point]], [[Maine]] on November 30, 1944. Both made their way to New York, but the operation degenerated into total failure. Colepaugh turned himself in to the FBI on December 26, confessing the whole plan; Gimpel was arrested four days later in New York. Both men were sentenced to death but eventually had their sentences commuted. Gimpel spent 10 years in prison; Colepaugh was released in 1960 and operated a business in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania]] before retiring to Florida.

 

=== German landings in Canada ===

At about the same time as the Dasch operation (on April 25, 1944), a solitary [[Abwehr]] agent (Marius A Langbein) was landed by U-boat (possibly ''[[German submarine U-217|U-217]]'') near [[St. Martins, New Brunswick]], Canada. His mission was to observe and report shipping movements at [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia (the main departure port for North Atlantic convoys). Langbein changed his mind, however, and moved to Ottawa where he lived off his Abwehr funds, before surrendering to the Canadian authorities in December 1944.

 

In November, the U-518 sank two iron ore freighters and damaged another off [[Bell Island]] in [[Conception Bay]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], en route to the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] where, despite an attack by a [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft, it successfully landed a spy, Werner von Janowski, at [[New Carlisle, Quebec]] on November 9, 1942. He was soon apprehended after Earl Annett Jr., manager of the New Carlisle Hotel, at which Janowski was staying, became suspicious and alerted authorities to a stranger using obsolete currency at the hotel bar.<ref>Essex, James W. 2004. ''Victory in the St. Lawrence: the unknown u-boat war.'' Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|R.C.M.P.]] arrested Janowski on a [[Canadian National Railways|CNR]] passenger train headed for [[Montreal]]. Inspection of Janowski's personal effects upon his arrest revealed that he was carrying a powerful radio transmitter, among other things. Janowski later spent some time as a double agent, sending false messages to the Abwehr in Germany. The effectiveness and honesty of his "turn" is a matter of some dispute.

 

=== Weather Station Kurt ===

Accurate weather reporting was important to the sea war and on September 18, 1943, ''[[U-537]]'' sailed from [[Kiel]], via [[Bergen, Norway]], with a meteorological team led by Professor Kurt Sommermeyer. They landed at Martin Bay near the northern tip of [[Labrador]] on October 22, 1943 and successfully set up an automatic weather station ("[[Weather Station Kurt]]" or "''Wetter-Funkgerät Land-26''"), despite the constant risk of Allied air patrols.<ref name=hadley1990ch5>{{Citation

|title=U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters

}}</ref> At the beginning of July 1944, ''U-867'' left Bergen to replace the equipment, but was sunk en route.<ref name=hadley1990ch5 /> The weather station remained undisturbed by the locals until the 1980s and is now at the [[Canadian War Museum]].

 

 

The [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] constructed a plan early in the [[Pacific War]] to attack the [[Panama Canal]], a vital water passage in [[Panama]], used during [[World War Two]] primarily for the allied supply effort. The Japanese attack was never launched due to crippling naval losses at the beginning of conflict with the United States.

 

{{main|Seacoast defense in the United States}}

The Atlantic Ocean was a major strategic battle zone (''[[Second Battle of the Atlantic]]'') and when Germany declared war on the U.S., the [[East Coast of the United States]] offered easy pickings for German [[U-Boat]]s (referred to as the ''[[Second Happy Time]]''). After a highly successful foray by five [[German Type IX submarine|Type IX]] long-range U-boats, the offensive was maximized by the use of short-range [[German Type VII submarine|Type VII]] U-boats, with increased fuel stores, replenished from [[German Type XIV submarine|supply U-boats]] called ''Milchkühe'' (milk cows). From February to May 1942, 348 ships were sunk, for the loss of 2 U-boats during April and May. U.S. naval commanders were reluctant to introduce the convoy system that had protected trans-Atlantic shipping and, without coastal [[Blackout (wartime)|blackouts]], shipping was silhouetted against the bright lights of American towns and cities such as [[Atlantic City]] until a [[Blackout (wartime)|dim-out]] was ordered in May.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert |year=1964 |title=The Story of World War II |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=100}}</ref>

 

 

|url=http://www.ecophotoexplorers.com/u853.asp

|title= On Final Attack, The Story of the U853

|accessdate=2008-12-01}}.</ref>

 

Once convoys and air cover were introduced in the Atlantic, sinking numbers were reduced and the U-boats shifted to attack shipping in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. During 1942 and 1943, more than 20 U-boats operated in the Gulf of Mexico. They attacked tankers transporting oil from ports in Texas and Louisiana, successfully sinking 56 vessels. By the end of 1943, the U-boat attacks diminished as the merchant ships began to travel in armed convoys.<ref name="U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico Region">{{Citation

|url=http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/archaeological/world_war_II.html

[[German submarine U-166 (1941)|U-166]] was the only U-boat sunk in the Gulf of Mexico during the war. Once thought to have been sunk by a torpedo dropped from a U.S. Coast Guard Utility Amphibian [[Grumman Widgeon|J4F aircraft]] on August 1, 1942, U-166 is now believed to have been sunk two days earlier by depth charges from the ''Robert E. Lee''’s naval escort, the U.S. Navy sub-chaser, [[PC-566]]. It is thought that the J4F aircraft may have spotted and attacked another German submarine, [[U-171]], which was operating in the area at the same time. U-166 lies in 5,000 feet of water within a mile of her last victim, the passenger ship ''SS Robert E. Lee''.<ref name="U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico Region" />

 

From the start of the war in 1939 until VE Day, several of Canada's Atlantic coast ports became important to the resupply effort for the United Kingdom and later for the Allied land offensive on the Western Front. [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] and [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]] became the primary convoy assembly ports, with Halifax being assigned the fast or priority convoys (largely troops and essential materiel) with the more modern merchant ships, while Sydney was given slow convoys which conveyed bulkier materiel on older and more vulnerable merchant ships. Both ports were heavily fortified with shore radar emplacements, search light batteries, and extensive coastal artillery stations all manned by RCN and Canadian Army regular and reserve personnel. Military intelligence agents enforced strict blackouts throughout the areas and anti-torpedo nets were in place at the harbor entrances. Despite the fact that no landings of German personnel took place near these ports, there were frequent attacks by U-boats on convoys departing for Europe. Less extensively used, but no less important, was the port of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] which also saw war [[matériel]] funneled through the port, largely after the United States entered the war in December 1941. The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] mainline from central Canada (which crossed the state of [[Maine]]) could be used to transport in aid of the war effort.

 

Although not crippling to the Canadian war effort, given the country's rail network to the east coast ports, but possibly more destructive to the morale of the Canadian public, was the [[Battle of the St. Lawrence]], when U-boats began to attack domestic coastal shipping along Canada's east coast in the [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] from early 1942 through to the end of the shipping season in late 1944.

 

Three significant attacks took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four [[iron ore]] carriers serving the [[Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation|DOSCO]] iron mine at [[Wabana, Newfoundland and Labrador|Wabana]] on [[Bell Island]] in [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]'s [[Conception Bay]]. The ships S.S. ''Saganaga'' and the S.S. ''Lord Strathcona'' were sunk by ''U-513'' on September 5, 1942, while the S.S. ''Rosecastle'' and ''P.L.M 27'' were sunk by ''[[U-518]]'' on November 2 with the loss of 69 lives. After the sinkings the submarine fired a torpedo that missed its target, the 3,000-ton collier ''Anna T'', and struck the DOSCO loading pier and exploded. As a result of the torpedo missing its target, [[Bell Island]] became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces during World War II. On October 14, 1942, the [[Newfoundland Railway]] ferry [[SS Caribou|SS ''Caribou'']] was torpedoed by the German U-boat U-''69'' and sunk in the [[Cabot Strait]] south of [[Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador|Port aux Basques]]. ''Caribou'' was carrying 45 crew and 206 civilian and military passengers. 137 lost their lives, many of them Newfoundlanders.

 

{{reflist}}

 

| last = Horn

| first = Steve

| isbn = 1-59114-388-8

}}

|last=Kesich

|first=Gregory D.

|date=April 13, 2003

|accessdate=2007-12-09}}

 

{{2. verdenskrig}}

 

 

[[en:Attacks on North America during World War II]]