[[Fil:St Andrews from Regulus tower - geograph.org.uk - 254003.jpg |300px|right|thumb|St Andrews set fra Regulus-tårnet.]] ▼{{IBrug|[[Bruger:Henrik Hansen|Henrik Hansen]] 19. jan 2012, 13:56 (CET)}}
▲[[Fil:St Andrews from Regulus tower - geograph.org.uk - 254003.jpg|300px|right|thumb|St Andrews set fra Regulus-tårnet.]]
'''St Andrews''' ([[Skotsk (sprog)|skotsk]]: ''Saunt Aundraes'',<ref>[http://www.scotslanguage.com/books/view/1/823/Names%20in%20Scots%20-%20Places%20in%20Scotland Scots Language Centre: Scottish Place Names in Scots]</ref> [[skotsk gælisk]]: ''Cill Rìmhinn''<ref>[http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=1078 Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba ~ Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland]</ref>) er en [[universitet]]sby og tidligere kongelig [[fristad]] på [[øst]]kysten af [[Fife]] i [[Skotland]]. Byen er navngivet efter [[apostlen Andreas]] og har 16.680 indbyggere ([[2008]]), hvilket gør byen til den femtestørte bebyggelse i [[Fife]].
== Navn ==
Det tidligt fundne navn for området er ''Muckross'' (afledt af [[skotsk gælisk]] ''mucrois'', der betyder vildsvins hoved/halvø).<ref>[http://stat-acc-scot.edina.ac.uk/link/1791-99/Fife/St%20Andrews%20and%20St%20Leonards/ [4<nowiki>]</nowiki>]</ref> Efter dannelsen af en religiøs bosættelse i Muckross omkring [[370]] skiftede navnet til ''Cennrígmonaid''. Det er [[gammelirsk]] og består af elementerne ''cenn'' (hoved, halvø), ''ríg'' (konge) og ''monaid'' (hede). Dette blev til ''Cell Rígmonaid'' (hvor ''cell'' betyder kirke) og blev angliseret til ''Kilrymont''. Den moderne [[skotsk gælisk]]e stavemåde er ''Cill Rìmhinn''.
== Historie ==
The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the [[river Tay]] and [[River Eden, Fife|Eden]] during the mesolithic (middle stone age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 to 5,000 BC.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp1–2">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' pp.1–2.</ref> This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BC as farmers cleaning the area of woodland and building monuments.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp1–2" />
In 906AD, the town became the seat of the bishop of Alba, with the boundaries being extended to include land between the [[River Forth]] and [[River Tweed]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p16">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.16.</ref>
The establishment of the present town began around 1140 by Bishop Robert on a L-shaped vill, possibly on the site of the ruined [[St Andrews Castle]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p71">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.71.</ref> According to a charter of 1170, the new burgh was built to the west of the Cathedral precinct, along Castle Street and possibly as far as what is now known as North Street.<ref name="Gifford p357" /> This means that the lay-out may have led to the creation of two new streets (North Street and South Street) from the foundations of the new St Andrews [[Cathedral]] filling the area inside a two-sided triangle at its apex.<ref name="Gifford p357">Gifford ''Buildings of Scotland – Fife'' p.357.</ref> The northern boundary of the burgh was the southern side of the Scores (the street between North Street and the sea) with the southern by the Kinness Burn and the western by the West Port.<ref name="Gifford p359">Gifford ''The Buildings of Scotland: Fife'' p.359.</ref> The burgh of St Andrews was first represented at the great council at [[Scone Palace]] in 1357.<ref name="Gifford p359" />
Recognised as the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, the town now had vast economic and political influence within Europe as a cosmopolitan town.<ref name="Cook p3">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.3.</ref> In 1559, the town fell into decay after the violent [[Scottish Reformation]] and the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] losing the status of ecclesiastical capital of Scotland.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p76">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.76.</ref> Even the St Andrews University were in consideration over a re-location to [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] around 1697 and 1698.<ref name="Cook p3" /> Under the authorisation of the [[bishop of St Andrews]], the town was made a burgh of barony in 1614. [[Royal Burgh]] was then granted as a charter by King [[James I of England|James VI]] in 1620.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p19">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews –City by The Northern Sea'' p.19.</ref><ref name="Omand p109">Omand ''The Fife Book'' p.109.</ref> In the 18th century, the town was still in decline, but despite this the town was becoming known for having links 'well known to golfers'.<ref name="Cook p3" /> By the 19th century, the town began to expand beyond the original medieval boundaries with streets of new houses and town villas being built.<ref name="Cook p3" /> Today, St Andrews is served by education, golf and the tourist and conference industry.<ref name="Cook p3" />
== Governance ==
{{further|[[History of local government in Scotland]]}}
[[Fil:St Andrews Town Hall.jpg|thumb|upright|St Andrews Town Hall]]
St Andrews is represented by several tiers of elected government. St Andrews Community Council form the lowest tier of governance whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. Fife Council, the unitary [[local authority]] for St Andrews, based in [[Glenrothes]] is the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[Deliberation|deliberative]] and [[legislative]] body responsible for [[local government in Scotland|local governance]].<ref name="devolvedmatters">{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlandoffice.gov.uk/what-we-do/reserved-and-devolved-matters.html |title=Reserved and devolved matters |publisher=Scotland Office |accessdate=6 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The [[Scottish Parliament]] is responsible for [[devolution|devolved matters]] such as [[education in Scotland|education]], [[health in Scotland|health]] and [[Scots law|justice]] while [[reserved matters]] are dealt with by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref name="devolvedmatters" />
The first parliament to take place in the town was in 1304, when King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] came to be received by [[Bishop William de Lamberton]] as overlordship of Scotland. As many as 130 landowners turned up to witness the event ranging from Sir John of Combo to Sir William Murray of Fort.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p188">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – The City By The Northern Sea'' p.188.</ref> In the early days of the [[Acts of Union 1707|union of 1707]], St Andrews elected one member of parliament along with [[Cupar]], [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], [[Dundee]] and [[Forfar]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p190">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – The City By The Northern Sea'' p.190.</ref> The first elected parliament was introduced on 17 November 1713 as St Andrews Burgh, which merged with Anstruther, the result of a reform bill in 1832.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p190" /> The act of reformation seats in 1855, would find one MP sitting for St Andrews Burgh (which would include Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester, Crail, Cupar, Kilrenny and Pittemweem).<ref name="Lamont-Brown p190" /> Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a council, [[provost (civil)|provost]] and [[baillie]]s. In 1975, St Andrews came under Fife Regional Council and North East Fife District Council. The latter was abolished when a single-tier authority was introduced in 1996 as Fife Council based in [[Glenrothes]].
St Andrews forms part of the [[North East Fife (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]] constituency, electing one [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. The constituency is represented by [[Sir Menzies Campbell]], [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of the [[Liberal Democrats]].<ref name="Menzies Campbell MP">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/25795.stm |title=Menzies Campbell, MP for North East Fife |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> For the purposes of the [[Scottish Parliament]], St Andrews forms part of the [[North East Fife (Scottish Parliament constituency)|North East Fife]] constituency. The North East Fife Scottish Parliament (or ''Holyrood'') constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The seat was won at the [[Scottish Parliament general election, 2011|2011 Scottish Parliament elections]] by [[Roderick Campbell]], for the [[Scottish National Party|SNP]].<ref name="Roderick Campbell MSP">{{cite web |title=North East Fife MSP and Mid Scotland and Fife MSPs |publisher=Scottish Parliament |url=http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/msps/Constituency%202011/con-nefi.htm |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="North East Fife results">{{cite web |title=Scotland results – North East Fife constituency results |publisher=BBC News (Vote 2011) |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/election2011/constituency/html/36125.stm |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref>
At EU level, St Andrews is part of the pan-Scotland [[Scotland (European Parliament constituency)|European Parliament constituency]] which elects seven [[Members of the European Parliament]] (MEP)s using the [[d'Hondt method]] of [[party-list proportional representation]].<ref name="list of MEPs">{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/geoSearch/search.do?country=GB&zone=Scotland&language=EN |title=List of MEPs for Scotland |publisher=European Parliament |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref> Scotland returns two [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MEPs, two [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] MEPs, one [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist]] MEP and one [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] MEP, to the [[European Parliament]].<ref name="list of MEPs"/>
== Demography ==
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"
|+'''St Andrews compared according to [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK Census 2001]]'''<ref name="St Andrews population">{{cite web |url= http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=St+Andrews&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Populartion: St Andrews Locality Scotland|publisher=scrol.co.uk|author=|year=2001|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="FifePopulation">{{cite web|url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Fife&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Population Profile: Fife Council Area Scotland|publisher=scrol.gov.uk|author=|year=2001|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="St Andrews Employment">{{cite web |url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Employment&mainLevel=Locality&mainText=St+Andrews&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Employment Profile: St Andrews Locality Scotland|publisher=scrol.gov.uk|author=|year=2001|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="FifeEmployment">{{cite web |url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Employment&mainLevel=CouncilArea&mainArea=Fife&mainText=&mainTextExplicitMatch=false&compLevel=CountryProfile&compText=&compTextExplicitMatch=null|title=Comparative Employment Profile: Fife Locality Scotland|publisher=scrol.gov.uk|author=|year=2001|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref>
|-
!
!style="padding:2px;"|St Andrews
!style="padding:2px;"|Fife
!style="padding:2px;"|Scotland
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Total population
|14,209||349,429||5,062,011
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|[[British nationality law|Foreign born]]
|11.60%||1.18%||1.10%
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Over 75 years old
|10.51%||7.46%||7.09%
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|Unemployed
|1.94%||3.97%||4.0%
|}
According to the 2001 census, St Andrews had had a total population of 14,209.<ref name="St Andrews population" /> The population of St Andrews has since increased to around 16,680 in 2008.<ref name="Population Estimate">{{cite web |url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-estimates/08mye-localities-table2.xls |title=Mid-2008 Population Estimates – Localities in order of size |publisher=General Register Office for Scotland |year=2008 |accessdate=8 September 2010}}</ref> The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 16 to 29 forms the largest portion of the population (37%).<ref name="St Andrews population" /> The median age of males and females living in St Andrews was 29 and 34 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.<ref name="St Andrews population" />
The place of birth of the town's residents was 87.78% United Kingdom (including 61.80% from Scotland), 0.63% Republic of Ireland, 4.18% from other European Union countries, and 7.42% from elsewhere in the world.<ref name="St Andrews population" /> The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 23.94% in full-time employment, 8.52% in part-time employment, 4.73% self-employed, 1.94% unemployed, 31.14% students with jobs, 9.08% students without jobs, 13.24% retired, 2.91% looking after home or family, 2.84% permanently sick or disabled, and 1.67% economically inactive for other reasons.<ref name="St Andrews Employment" />
== Landmarks ==
{{Main|St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews|St Andrews Castle}}
[[Fil:West Port in St Andrews.jpg|thumb|right|West Port]]
St Andrews was once bounded by several "ports" (the [[Scots language|Lowland Scots]] word for a town gate). Two are still extant: So'gait port (South Street, now called West Port) and the Sea Yett (as The Pends terminates to the harbour). The Category A listed <ref name="West Port listing">{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=40723 |title=West Port, St Andrews – Listed Building Report |publisher=[[Historic Scotland]] |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> West Port is one of few surviving town 'Ports' in Scotland.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie p79">Walker and Ritchie ''Fife, Perthshire and Angus'' p.79.</ref> The towers were influenced by those seen at the base of the Netherbow Port in [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="Pride pp124–126">Pride ''Kingdom of Fife'' pp.124–126.</ref> The central archway which displays semi-octagonal 'rownds' and 'battling' is supported by corbelling and neatly moulded passageways. Side arches and relief panels were added to the port, during the reconstruction between 1843–1845.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" />
[[Fil:Holy Trinity Church, St Andrews.jpg|thumb|left|The tower of Holy Trinity]] The Category A listed <ref name="Holy Trinity listing">{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=40633 |title=Holy Trinity Church (Town Kirk), St Andrews – Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> Holy Trinity (also known as the Holy Trinity Parish Church or "town kirk") is the most historic church in St Andrews.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p171">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.171.</ref> The church was initially built on land, close to the south-east gable of the Cathedral, around 1144 by bishop [[Robert Kennedy]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p171" /> The church was dedicated in 1234 by Bishop [[David de Bernham]] and then moved to a new site on the north side of South Street between 1410–1412 by bishop Warlock.<ref name="Pride pp124–126"/><ref name="Lamont-Brown p171" /> Towards the end of June 1547, this was the location where [[John Knox]] first preached in public and to whom returned to give an inflammatory sermon on 4 June 1559 which led to the stripping of both the cathedral and ecclesiastical status.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p173">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.173.</ref><ref name="Lamont-Brown p81">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.81.</ref> Much of the architecture feature of the church was lost in the re-building by Robert Balfour between 1798–1800.<ref name="Fife Regional Council p46">Fife Regional Council ''Medieval Abbeys and Historic Churches in Fife'' p.46.</ref> The church was later restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance between 1907–1909 by MacGregor Chambers.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /><ref name="Cook p14">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.14.</ref> Only the north-western tower and spire with parts of the arcade arches were retained.<ref name="Fife Regional Council p46" />
[[Fil:ViewFromTheTop.JPG|thumb|right|View of the cathedral grounds from the top of St Rule's Tower.]] To the east of the town centre, lie the ruins of the Category A listed <ref name="St Andrew's Cathedral listing">{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=40585 |title=St Andrews Cathedral, St Andrews – Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> [[St Andrew's Cathedral, St Andrews|St Andrew's Cathedral]].<ref name="Fife Regional Council p22">Fife Regional Council ''Medieval Abbeys and Historic Churches in Fife'' p.22.</ref> This was at one time Scotland's largest building, originated in the priory of Canons Regular founded by Bishop Robert Kennedy. The Category A listed <ref name="St Rule's Tower listing">{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=40588 |title=St Rule's Tower, St Andrews – Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref> St Rule's Church, to the south-east of the medieval cathedral is said to date from around 1120 and 1150, being the predecessor of the cathedral.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132">Walker and Ritchie ''Fife, Perthshire and Angus'' pp.130–132.</ref> The tall square tower, part of the church, was built to hold the relics of [[St Andrew]] and became known as the first cathedral in the town.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp70–72">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' pp.70–72.</ref> After the death of Bishop Robert Kennedy, a new cathedral began in 1160 by Bishop Arnold (his successor) on a site adjacent to St Rule's Church.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp70–72" /> Work on the cathedral was finally completed and consecrated in 1318 by [[Bishop William de Lamberton]] with [[Robert de Brus|Robert the Bruce]] (1306–29) present at the ceremony.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp130–132" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp70–72" /> [[Fil:St Andrews Castle Scotland.jpg|thumb|left|[[St Andrews Castle]]]]
The ruins of the Category A listed <ref name="St Andrews Castle listing">{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=40599 |title=St Andrews Castle, St Andrews – Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=2 August 2011}}</ref>
[[St Andrews Castle]] are situated on a cliff-top to the north of the town.<ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp115–116">Walker and Ritchie ''Fife, Perthshire and Angus'' pp.115–116.</ref><ref name="Pride p121">Pride ''Kingdom of Fife'' p.121.</ref> The castle was first erected around 1200 as the residence, prison and fortress of the bishops of the diocese. Several reconstructions occured in subsequent centuries, most notably due to damage incurred in the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]].
The castle was occupied, beseiged and stormed during [[The Rough Wooing]] and was severely damaged in the process.
The majority of the castle seen today dates to between 1549 and 1571. The work was commissioned by [[John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)]] in a renaissance style which made the the building a comfortable, palatial residence while still remaining well-fortified. <ref name="Walker and Ritchie pp115–116" />
After the Reformation, the castle passed to several owners, who could not maintain its structure and the building deteriorated into a ruin.
The castle is now administered by [[Historic Scotland]]
The [[apse]] of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friary]], [[Blackfriars, St Andrews|Blackfriars]], can still be seen on South Street (between Madras College and Bell Street).<ref>{{citation |contribution= St Andrews, South Street, Blackfriars' Chapel | publisher = The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/34336/details/st+andrews+south+street+blackfriars+chapel/ |accessdate=4 August 2010 }}</ref> Other defunct religious houses that existed in the medieval town, though less visible, have left traces, as for instance the [[St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews|leper hospital]] at [[St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews|St Nicholas farmhouse]] (The Steading) between Albany Park and the East Sands leisure centre.<ref>{{citation |contribution= St Andrews, St Nicholas Farm | publisher = The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/34312/details/st+andrews+st+nicholas+farm/ |accessdate=4 August 2010 }}</ref>
== Education ==
[[Fil:Madras College.JPG|thumb|right||Original building of [[Madras College]] on South Street]]
Today, St Andrews is home to one secondary school; one private school and three primary schools.<ref name="list of primary schools">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/topics/index.cfm?startRow=101&OBJECTID=xxx&ORDERBY=location&FUSEACTION=Facility%2EList&SUBJECTID=0AB411F8%2D508B%2DDE79%2D478BA07C673E89C9 |title=list of primary schools in Fife |publisher=Fife Council |accessdate=5 March 2010}}</ref>
Canongate Primary School, which opened in 1972 is located off the Canongate, beside the St Andrews Royal Botanic Gardens. The school roll was recorded in February 2008 as 215.<ref name="Cannongate Primary School">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=CEFA5EC0-5DB7-404F-97AA571607B8AD98 |title=Cannongate Primary School |publisher=Fife Council |accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref> Lawhead Primary School, which opened in 1974 is on the western edge of the town. The school roll was recorded in September 2009 as 181.<ref name="Lawhead Primary School">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=003A0E36-40C7-4D1D-A9A7AAECD602137B |title=Lawhead Primary School |publisher=Fife Council |accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>
[[Madras College]] is the only secondary school in the town. The school which opened to pupils in 1832 was based on a Madras system - founded and endowed by Dr Andrew Bell (1755–1832), a native of the town.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp177–178">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – A City By The Northern Sea'' pp177–178</ref><ref name="Cook p13">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.13.</ref> Prior to the opening, Bell was interested in the demand for a school which was able to teach both poor and privileged children on one site.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp177–178" /> The high reputation of the school meant that many children came from throughout Britain to be taught there, often lodging with masters or residents in the town.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp177–178" /> The school is now located on two campuses – Kilrymont and South Street (incorporating the original 1833 building). Pupils in S1-S3 are served by Kilrymont and S4-S6 by South Street.<ref name="Madras College">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifedirect.org.uk/atoz/index.cfm?fuseaction=facility.display&facid=02594B20-2A48-48EB-8CAA25FCCAE0DFEB |title=Madras College info, fifedirect |publisher=Fife Council |accessdate=21 February 2009}}</ref>
Plans for a replacement Madras College on a single site have been around since 2006. Originally, a new school was going to be built on Lang Lands, in a deal with the University of St Andrews, but fell through in August 2011.<ref name="Council's Madras Plan">{{cite news |last=Johnston |first=Kristen |title=Council's Madras plan 'fails pupils' |page=1&7 |publisher=The Courier |date=9 January 2012}}</ref> In October 2011, a presentation showcasing potential sites was put before parents, staff and the local community by the council to ask for their views in a scoring assessment for each of the sites; for which the redevelopment of the Kilrymont building came out on top of the list at a cost of £40 million.<ref name="New Madras College">{{cite news |title=New Madras College options to be considered by committee |publisher=Fife Council |date=28 October 2011 |accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> Following a meeting of the Education and Children’s Service Committee, the redevelopment of Kilrymont was approved by Fife councillors in November 2011; which has been met with controversy from parents, staff and the local community.<ref name="New Madras College" /><ref name="Madras decision spark outrage">{{cite news |title=Madras College decision spark outrage in St Andrews |publisher=St Andrews Herald |date=18 November 2011 |accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> One of the authors of the Curriculum for Excellence, Keir Bloomer has also criticised the decision in his 28 page independent report for not investing in a new build of at least 25 acres at Pipeland Farm instead which would be able to adapt to changes in learning and teaching.<ref name="Council's Madras Plan" />
[[Fil:St Andrews University Classics Building.jpg|thumb|left|The [[University of St Andrews]] Classics Building, Swallowgate]]
The private school known as [[St Leonards School]] was initially established as the St Andrews School for girls company in 1877. The present name was taken in 1882 when a move to St Leonards House was made.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp183–185">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City By The Northern Sea'' pp183–185.</ref> The school is now spread across thirty acres between Pends Road and Kinnesburn.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp183–185" /> A private school for boys was also set up in 1933 as [[New Park School|New Park]]. The operations of the school merged with the middle and junior sections of St Leonards to become St Leonards-New Park in 2005.<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp183–185" />
The University of St Andrews, the oldest in Scotland, dates back to 1410.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p83">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' p.83.</ref> A charter for the university was issued by Bishop [[Henry Wardlaw]] between 1411 and 1412.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown p83" /> This was followed by [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII]] granting university status to award degrees to students in 1413.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /><ref name="Lamont-Brown p83" /> The school initially started out as a society for learned men in the fields of canon law, the arts and divinity.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p83" /> The chapel and college of St John the Evangelist became the first building to have ties with the university in 1415.<ref name="Pride pp124–126" /> The two original colleges to be associated with the university were St Salvator in 1450 by Bishop [[James Kennedy (bishop)|James Kennedy]] and St Leonard in 1512 by archbishop [[Alexander Stewart (Archbishop of St Andrews)|Alexander Stewart]] and prior [[James Hepburn (bishop)|James Hepburn]].<ref name="Pride pp124–126" />
== Sport og fritid ==
[[Fil:18th Green and Clubhouse.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Old Course]] i St Andrews.]]
St Andrews er verdenskendt som "home of golf".<ref name="Pride p118">Pride ''Kingdom of Fife'' p.118.</ref> I henhold til det ældste bevarede dokument fra [[1552]], er "playing at golf" på links ved siden af "water of eden" blevet tilladt af ærkebiskop Hamilton.<ref name="Pride p118" /> Byens kendteste golfbane er [[Old Course]], som blev opkøbt af byrådet i [[1894]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown p85" /> Banens historie kan føres tilbage til [[middelalderen]], og det er den oftest anvendte bane til [[The Open Championship]], som for første gang blev spillet i St Andrews i [[1873]].<ref name="Cook p3"/><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227">Lamont-Brown ''Fife in History and Legend'' pp.224–227.</ref> Blandt de berømte vindere af the Open i St Andrews finder man [[Jack Nicklaus]] (1970 og 1978) og [[Tiger Woods]] (2000 og 2005).<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" /><ref name="Cook p39">Cook ''Old St Andrews'' p.39.</ref> Ifølge [[Jack Nicklaus]], "if a golfer is going to be remembered, he must win at St Andrews" ([[dansk (sprog)|dansk]]: ''hvis en golfspiller skal huskes, skal han vinde i St Andrews'').<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" /> Der er i alt syv golfbaner i byen: Old, New, Jubilee, Eden, Strathtyrum, Balgove og Castle, der opkranser den vestlige tilkørsel til byen.<ref name="Lamont-Brown p85">Lamont-Brown ''St Andrews – City by The Northern Sea'' p.85.</ref><ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" /> Den syvende bane (Castle) blev tilføjet i [[2007]] ved Kinkell Braes, designet af [[David McLay Kidd]].<ref name="Lamont-Brown pp224–227" />
Other leisure facilities in the town include a canoe club;<ref>http://canoe.st-andrews.ac.uk</ref> [[St Andrews United|junior football team]];
rugby club (known as [[Madras College FP RFC|Madras Rugby Club]]);
tennis club; university sports centre and a links golf driving range. The East Sands Leisure Centre, which opened in 1988, sits on the outskirts of the town as the town's swimming pool with gym facilities. The University of St Andrews have expressed plans to provide a new multi-million pound leisure centre to replace East Sands.<ref name="East Sands">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/st-andrews-news/What-does-future-hold-for.3662337.jp |title=What does the future hold for St Andrews leisure centre? |publisher=St Andrew Citizen |date=10 January 2008 |accessdate=4 March 2009}}</ref>
== Kilder / eksterne henvisninger ==
| 