Coliforme bakterier: Forskelle mellem versioner

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[[Fil:Escherichia coli Gram.jpg|thumb|200px|Negativ Gramfarvning af [[E. coli]]-bakterier – en kendt og ifor langt det meste en gavnlig tyktarmsbakterie.]]
'''Tyktarmsbakterier''' også kendt som '''colibakterier''' eller '''kolibakterier''' er [[bakterie]]r som lever i [[pattedyr]]s, inkl. [[menneske]]rs, [[tyktarm]]e. Langt de fleste er naturlige og nogle – især [[Escherichia coli]] (undtagen [[VTEC]]-varianter) er gavnlig<ref name="amsoc">[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603085914.htm American Society for Microbiology (2008, June 5). Humans Have Ten Times More Bacteria Than Human Cells: How Do Microbial Communities Affect Human Health?. ScienceDaily] Citat: "...Instead of any one particular organism associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, they observed significant shifts in microbial populations between healthy subjects and those with disease, including a loss of normally protective bacterial populations...."</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080728192701.htm University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008, July 30). Symbiotic Microbes Induce Profound Genetic Changes In Their Hosts. ScienceDaily] Citat: "..."We have thousands of bacteria that live with us, and yet there are only around 100 bacterial pathogens," she says. Given the numbers, "it seems like these pathways and these molecules are likely to be 'symbiosis' pathways more than 'anti-pathogen.'"..."</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110201083928.htm Karolinska Institutet (2011, February 1). Bacteria in the gut may influence brain development. ScienceDaily]</ref><ref>[http://ekstrabladet.dk/kup/sundhed/article1420143.ece 28. sep 2010, ekstrabladet.dk: Lort kan behandle diabetes-patienter]</ref><ref>[http://fpn.dk/liv/krop_valvare/article2240455.ece 09.11.10, fpn.dk: Afføring virker mod diarré]</ref>, da de bl.a. laver livsnødvendig [[K-vitamin]] til os.
 
'''Tyktarmsbakterier''' også kendt som '''colibakterier''' eller '''kolibakterierEnterobakterier''' er [[bakterie]]r som lever i [[pattedyr]]s, inkl. [[menneske]]rs, [[tyktarm]]e. Langt de fleste er naturlige og nogle – især [[Escherichia coli]] (undtagen [[VTEC]]-varianter) er gavnlig<ref name="amsoc">[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603085914.htm American Society for Microbiology (2008, June 5). Humans Have Ten Times More Bacteria Than Human Cells: How Do Microbial Communities Affect Human Health?. ScienceDaily] Citat: "...Instead of any one particular organism associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, they observed significant shifts in microbial populations between healthy subjects and those with disease, including a loss of normally protective bacterial populations...."</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080728192701.htm University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008, July 30). Symbiotic Microbes Induce Profound Genetic Changes In Their Hosts. ScienceDaily] Citat: "..."We have thousands of bacteria that live with us, and yet there are only around 100 bacterial pathogens," she says. Given the numbers, "it seems like these pathways and these molecules are likely to be 'symbiosis' pathways more than 'anti-pathogen.'"..."</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110201083928.htm Karolinska Institutet (2011, February 1). Bacteria in the gut may influence brain development. ScienceDaily]</ref><ref>[http://ekstrabladet.dk/kup/sundhed/article1420143.ece 28. sep 2010, ekstrabladet.dk: Lort kan behandle diabetes-patienter]</ref><ref>[http://fpn.dk/liv/krop_valvare/article2240455.ece 09.11.10, fpn.dk: Afføring virker mod diarré]</ref>, da de bl.a. laver livsnødvendig [[K-vitamin]] til os.
De gavnlige tyktarmsbakterier er gavnlige i netop tyktarmen, men kan give infektioner andre steder i kroppen – f.eks. andre [[slimhinde]]r, hvis de utilsigtet kommer her.
 
De gavnlige tyktarmsbakterier er gavnlige ivirker netop i tyktarmen, men kan give infektioner andre steder i kroppen – f.eks. andre [[slimhinde]]r, hvis de utilsigtet kommer her.
 
Typiske slægter omfatter:<ref>''The Microbiology of Drinking Water (2002) – Part 1 – Water Quality and Public Health''; '''Department of the Environment'''</ref>
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Fækale patogener inkluderer [[bakterier]], [[vira]], [[protozo]]er eller [[parasitter]].
 
== Menneskers 3tre tyktarms bakterieprofilerenterotyper ==
Ny forskning, som afdækker menneskers enterotype, dvs. tarmbakterieflora eller bakterieøkosystem, viser at der globalt eksisterer tre enterotyper baseret på den fremherskende mikroorganisme: [[Bacteroides]], [[Prevotella]] og [[Ruminococcus]].<ref>[http://www.metahit.eu/index.php?id=536 MetaHIT]</ref>
Peer Bork fra EMBL har ledet forskning, som afdækker at alle verdens mennesker har en tarmbakterieflora eller et bakterieøkosystem, som kan ende i én af 3 tarmflora-profiler/enterotype. Forskningen er baseret på 39 personer fra Europa, Asien og Amerika – og udvidet med 85 fra Danmark og 154 fra Nordamerika. Man ved ikke hvorfor vi "kun" har 3 hoved tarmflora-profiler – og profilen er uafhængig af køn, kostvaner, alder, nationalitet og [[Body Mass Index|BMI]].
Forskningen er baseret på personer fra Europa, Asien og Amerika – bl.a. fra Danmark og Nordamerika. Entero-profilerne varierer på tværs af køn, kostvaner, alder, nationalitet og [[Body Mass Index|BMI]] og man ved ikke hvorfor der kun er tre enterotyper.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110420143620.htm European Molecular Biology Laboratory (2011, April 21). What's your gut type? Gut bacteria could help with diagnostics and influence treatments. ScienceDaily]</ref> <ref>[http://premium.netdoktor.com/dk/portal/news/index.jsp?id=23563&D=26&M=4&Y=2011 netdoktor.com: Tyktarmen sladrer om dit helbred] Citat: "...”Indtil videre er det vores antagelse, at der til hver enterotype er knyttet forskellige dispositioner, som har med sygdom og sundhed at gøre”, siger den danske forsker Oluf Borbye Pedersen, der er professor ved Københavns Universitet..."</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120613133249.htm Marine Biological Laboratory (2012, June 13). More than one way to be healthy: Map of bacterial makeup of humans reveals microbial rare biosphere. ScienceDaily] Citat: "...And, perhaps not surprisingly, the HMP discovered that microbial distributions in the human body are not so different from those in ocean ecosystems..."What this means is, there is not just one way to be healthy, " says Huse. "There doesn't have to be one or two 'just right' gut communities, but rather a range of 'just fine' communities."..."</ref>
<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110420143620.htm European Molecular Biology Laboratory (2011, April 21). What's your gut type? Gut bacteria could help with diagnostics and influence treatments. ScienceDaily]</ref>
<ref>[http://premium.netdoktor.com/dk/portal/news/index.jsp?id=23563&D=26&M=4&Y=2011 netdoktor.com: Tyktarmen sladrer om dit helbred] Citat: "...”Indtil videre er det vores antagelse, at der til hver enterotype er knyttet forskellige dispositioner, som har med sygdom og sundhed at gøre”, siger den danske forsker Oluf Borbye Pedersen, der er professor ved Københavns Universitet..."</ref>
<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120613133249.htm Marine Biological Laboratory (2012, June 13). More than one way to be healthy: Map of bacterial makeup of humans reveals microbial rare biosphere. ScienceDaily] Citat: "...And, perhaps not surprisingly, the HMP discovered that microbial distributions in the human body are not so different from those in ocean ecosystems..."What this means is, there is not just one way to be healthy, " says Huse. "There doesn't have to be one or two 'just right' gut communities, but rather a range of 'just fine' communities."..."</ref>
 
== Se også ==
 
* [[antibiotikaresistensAntibiotikaresistens]]
* [[antibiotikaresistens|CRE]]
* [[Kommensalisme]]
* [[Mikrobiom]]
* [[antibiotikaresistens|NDM-1]]
* [[Parasit]]
 
== Ekstern link ==