Bruger:Christian89/Sandkasse2: Forskelle mellem versioner

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Negative symptomer dækker over fravær af en række normale psykologiske og sociale funktioner, som den antipsykotiske medicin er mindre gavnlig overfor.<ref name=CarsonNursing/> Disse indebærer typisk sløvhed, affektafladning, sprogfattigdom, manglende interesser, social tilbagetrækning og indsynken i sig selv.<ref>[[#refRosenberg2009|Rosenberg]] s. 239</ref> Undersøgelser peger på at negative symptomer medfører dårligere livskvalitet, ringere fremdrift og større byrde for omgivelserne end de positive symptomer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Velligan DI and Alphs LD|title=Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: The Importance of Identification and Treatment |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=3 |date=March 1, 2008 |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/article/10168/1147581}}</ref> Individer med fremtrædende negative symptomer har hyppigt i forvejen dårlig tilpasningsevne inden sygdomsdebut og responderer også dårligere på medicinen.<ref name=CarsonNursing/><ref name=AFP10/>
 
===Onset Sygdomsdebut ===
Late adolescence and early adulthood are peak periods for the onset of schizophrenia,<ref name=Lancet09>{{cite journal |author=[[Jim van Os|van Os J]], Kapur S |title=Schizophrenia |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9690 |pages=635–45 |year=2009 |month=August |pmid=19700006 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60995-8|url= http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19525360/611943554/name/Schizophrenia+-+The+Lancet.pdf }}</ref> critical years in a young adult's social and vocational development.<ref name="Addington_et_al_2007"/> In 40% of men and 23% of women diagnosed with schizophrenia, the condition manifested itself before the age of 19.<ref name=Cullen>{{vcite journal |author=Cullen KR, Kumra S, Regan J ''et al.'' |title=Atypical Antipsychotics for Treatment of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=3 |year=2008 |url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/article/10168/1147536}}</ref> To minimize the developmental disruption associated with schizophrenia, much work has recently been done to identify and treat the [[prodrome|prodromal (pre-onset)]] phase of the illness, which has been detected up to 30&nbsp;months before the onset of symptoms.<ref name="Addington_et_al_2007">{{vcite journal |author=Addington J, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, ''et al.''|year=2007|title=North American prodrome longitudinal study: a collaborative multisite approach to prodromal schizophrenia research |journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]] |volume=33 | issue=3 |pages=665–72 |pmid=17255119|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbl075 |pmc=2526151}}</ref> Those who go on to develop schizophrenia may experience transient or self-limiting psychotic symptoms<ref name="Amminger_et_al_2006">{{vcite journal |author=Amminger GP, Leicester S, Yung AR, ''et al.'' |year=2006 |title=Early onset of symptoms predicts conversion to non-affective psychosis in ultra-high risk individuals |journal=[[Schizophrenia Research]] |volume=84 | issue=1 |pages=67–76 |pmid=16677803 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.018}}</ref> and the non-specific symptoms of social withdrawal, irritability, [[dysphoria]],<ref name="ParnasJorgensen1989">{{vcite journal |author=Parnas J, Jorgensen A |year=1989 |title=Pre-morbid psychopathology in schizophrenia spectrum |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=115 |pages=623–7 |pmid=2611591}}</ref> and clumsiness<ref>{{cite book |ref=harv |last=Coyle |first=Joseph |editor1-first=George J |editor1-last=Siegal |editor2-first=R. Wayne |editor2-last=Albers |editor3-first=Scott T |editor3-last=Brady |editor4-first=Donald |editor4-last=Price |title=Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects |format=Textbook |edition=7th |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Burlington, MA |isbn=0-12-088397-X |page=876 |chapter=Chapter 54: The Neurochemistry of Schizophrenia}}</ref> during the prodromal phase.