Bruger:Brol/Test: Forskelle mellem versioner
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Brol (diskussion | bidrag) Ny side: test test |
Brol (diskussion | bidrag) Kongeriget Mallorca |
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{{Infoboks tidligere land
|lokalnavn = ''Regne de Mallorca'' {{ca sprog}} <br>''Reino de Mallorca'' {{es sprog}} <br> ''Regnum Maioricae'' {{la sprog}}
|dansknavn = Kongeriget Mallorca
|almindeligt_navn = Mallorca
|kontinent = Europa
|region = Iberiske Halvø
|country = Spanien, Frankrig
|styreform = [[Monarki]]
|startår = 1231
|slutår = 1715
|slut_begivenhed = [[Nueva Planta dekreterne]]
|p1 = Crown of Aragon
|flag_p1 = Estandarte de la Corona de Aragon.svg
|s1 = Enlightenment Spain
|flag_s1 = Bandera de España 1701-1760.svg
|våben = Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Majorca and the Balearic Islands (14th-20th Centuries).svg
|kort = Crown of majorca.jpg
|korttekst = Kongedømmet Mallorca.
|hovedstad = Palma og Perpignan.
|religion = [[Kristendom]] ([[Romerskkatolske kirke|Romersk-katolsk]]), [[islam]] og [[jødedom]].
}}
[[File:Conquest of Mallorca by James I of Aragon 01.jpg|thumb|[[Erobringe af Mallorca]] af [[Jacob I af Aragonien]] (1229)]]
'''Kongedømmet Mallorca''' ({{lang-ca|Regne de Mallorca}}, {{IPA|ˈreŋnə ðə məˈʎɔrkə|IPA}}; {{lang-es|Reino de Mallorca}}; {{lang-la|Regnum Maioricae}}) blev grundlagt af [[Jacob I af Aragonien]], også kendt som ''Jacob Erobreren''. Efter hans førstfødte søn Alfonsos død, skrev han et testamente i [[1262]], som grundlagde kongedømmet for at kunne give det til sin søn Jacob. Denne disposition blev bevaret selv om Jacob I ændrede sit testamente flere gange. Ved hans død i [[1276]] gik den aragonske krone til hans ældste søn [[Peter III af Aragonien|Peter]], medens Kongeriget Mallorca gik til Jacob, som regerede under navnet [[Jacob II af Mallorca]]. Testamentet fastslog også at kongen af Mallorca var den aragonske konges vassal. Titlen vedblev at blive brugt af aragonske og spanske konger indtil opløsningen i 1715 [[Nueva Planta dekreterne]].
==Geografi==
Kongedømmet omfattede [[Balearerne]]: [[Mallorca]], [[Menorca]] (which was still under the rule of Muslims until 1231, when its sovereignty was surrendered to James I), [[Ibiza]] and [[Formentera]]. Kongen var også greve af [[Roussillon]] og [[Cerdanya]] og områder Jacob I havde i [[Occitanien]] - herskabet [[Montpellier]], vicegrevskabet [[Carlat]], in [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]], and the barony of [[Aumelas]], contiguous to Montpellier.
==History==
The legacy of James I included the creation of a strategic Mediterranean enclave, including territories between two large kingdoms, the [[House of Capet|Capetians]] of [[France]] and the Crown of Aragon - which were in constant conflict, at the time. Conscious of the fragility of the Kingdom of Majorca, James I undertook the conquest of Cerdanya to unify the new kingdom. He also entered into negotiations to arrange the marriage of his son James to Beatrice of [[Savoy]], daughter to [[Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy|Count Amadeus of Savoy]]. Neither plan was successful.
On the death of James I, the new king of Majorca, James II, decided not to pay tribute to Peter III. Preoccupied with diverse problems within the realm, it was not until 1279 when the Majorcan monarch reconciled to have his states recognized as subordinate to the king of Aragon. As a consequence the Kingdom of Majorca could not hold court, and the king of Majorca was forced to go to [[Catalonia]] to present tribute to the king of Aragon. By means of the [[Treaty of Perpignan]] in 1279 an imbalance of power between the Kingdom of Aragon and the Kingdom of Majorca was created. The Aragonian king maintained the political and economic control of Aragon over the Kingdom of Majorca, reestablishing the unified jurisdiction of the Crown of Aragon which was broken by the will of James I. This treaty would condition relations between the Kingdom of Majorca and the Crown of Aragon throughout the former's existence. The lack of courts later aggravated the destabilization of a kingdom already on the brink of fracture, which, besides this, lacked any common institution beyond the monarchy.
During the [[Aragonese Crusade]], James II of Majorca allied himself with the Pope and the French against Peter of Aragon. As a result, Peter's successor [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso]] conquered the kingdom in 1286. However, by the [[Treaty of Anagni]] in 1295, [[James II of Aragon]] was required to restore the Balearics to James of Majorca.
On the death of James's son [[Sancho of Majorca|Sancho I]] in 1324, [[James III of Majorca]] took the throne at the age of nine, necessitating a regency council to govern the realm during his childhood. The situation was difficult, since James II of Aragon didn't renounce his claim of reclamation of the Majorcan throne. In 1325, the regency council secured the renunciation by the Aragonian king of any claim on the rights of succession of the Majorcan throne after the repayment of a great debt incurred by Sancho I during an invasion by [[Sardinia]]. While this act solved the problem of succession, it also plunged the kingdom into a serious financial crisis.
James was forced to develop policies similar to that of Aragon's. To that end, he was forced to participate in the war against [[Genoa]] (1329-1336), which resulted in the loss of various economic markets for the kingdom. Again it was necessary to impose new taxes and fines on the Jewish community, though this was insufficient to resolve the financial crisis. The problems of the kingdom did not appear to have an end, since in 1341, [[Peter IV of Aragon]] closed relations with the Kingdom of Majorca as a prelude to invasion. In May 1343, Peter IV invaded the Balearic Islands, and followed that in 1344 with the invasions of the counties of [[Roussillon]] and [[Cerdanya]]. James III was only able to keep his French possessions. After the sale of these possessions to the king of France in 1349, James III left for Majorca. He was defeated and killed at the [[Battle of Llucmajor]] on 25 October 1349. With this, the Kingdom of Majorca was definitively incorporated into the Crown of Aragon.
==Fall of Majorca==
The extinction of the Kingdom of Majorca was inevitable given the conflicts by which it was affected: the [[Hundred Years War]], between [[France]] and [[England]], the war of the ''benimerines'', which involved [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and the Crown of Aragon, and the attempts by the Genoese to make the Balearics a satellite state. The kingdom of Majorca, which had bonds of vassalage with the crowns of France (through Montpellier) and Aragon, could not remain neutral during these conflicts. In addition, increased taxes to fund the kingdom's economy during neutrality only managed to unsettle the people of the kingdom.
==See also==
*[[List of monarchs of Majorca]]
==References==
* A Mediterranean emporium - The Catalan kingdom of Majorca, by David Abulafia, ISBN 0-521-89405-0
* Abulafia, David. ''The Western Mediterranean Kingdoms, 1200-1500''. 1997. ISBN 0-582-07820-2
==External links==
*{{es icon}} [http://www.homar.org/genealog/iv_europa_i/ibe16c.htm Genealogía, Reyes y Reinos: Reino de Mallorca]
*{{es icon}} [http://usuarios.lycos.es/guerradesucesion/pagina2.htm La Conquista de Mallorca en mapas y cuadros]
{{Spanish Kingdoms}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Majorca, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:Crown of Aragon]]
[[Category:Former countries in Europe]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]]
[[Category:History of Catalonia]]
[[Category:History of the Balearic Islands]]
[[Kategori:Spaniens historie]]
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