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{{Infoboks monark
| regent =
| titel = Konge
| land = Aragonien og Valencia<br />Greve af Barcelona
| billede =
| caption = A ''[[Croat (coin)|croat]]'' minted at Barcelona, bearing the image of Peter and the words ''Petrus Dei gracia rex'' (Peter by the grace of God king) and ''civitas Barcenona'' (city of Barelona)
| regeret =
| kroning = November 1276 ([[Zaragoza]])
| forgænger = [[
| tronfølger = [[
| titel2 = Konge
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| regeret2 = 4. september 1282 – 2. november 1285<br>med [[Constance af Sicilien, Dronning af Aragonien|Constance]]
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| forgænger2 = [[Karl 1.af Napoli|Karl 1.]]
| tronfølger2 = [[Jakob 2. af Aragonien|Jakob 1.]]
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| børn = [[Alfonso 3. af Aragonen]]<br>[[Jakob 2. af Aragonien]]<br>[[Elizabeth af Aragonien|Elisabeth, Dronning af Portugal]]<br>[[Frederik 3. af Sicilien]]<br>[[Jolanda af Aragonien|Jolanda, grevinde af Calabrien]]<br>Peter af Aragonien
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| issue-pipe =
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| født = ca. 1239
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| religion = [[Romersk-katolsk]]
|}}
'''Peter den Store''' ({{lang-ca|Pere el Gran}}, {{lang-an|Pero lo Gran}}; 1239 i [[Valencia]] – 2. november 1285) var konge af [[Aragonien]] (som '''Peter 3.''') af [[Valencia]] (som '''Peter 1.''') og greve af [[Barcelona]] (som '''Peter 2.''') fra 1276 til sin død. Han erobrede [[Sicilien]] og blev konge af Sicilien i 1282 gennem sin kone [[Constance af Sicilien, Dronning af Aragonien|Constance]], den eneste datter af [[Manfred af Sicilien]]. Han var en af de største middelalderlige monarker i Aragonien, selv om han kun regerede 9 år.
==Ungdom og tronfølge==
Peter var ældste søn af [[Jakob 1. af Aragonien]] og hans anden kone [[Violant af Ungarn]]. Among (opportunistic) betrothals of his youth, in or before 1260 he was betrothed with the youngest daughter of Emperor [[Theodore II Laskaris|Theodoros II]] of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]], named [[Eudoxia Lascaris|Eudokia Laskaraina]] (c1248-c1311) which contract however dissolved after Eudokia's brother lost the imperial throne (in 1261) and Eudokia was instead married to the [[Count of Tenda]]. On 13 June 1262, he married [[Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon|Constance]], daughter and heiress of [[Manfred of Sicily]]. During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained a great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the [[Reconquista]] against the [[Moors]].<ref name="Chaytor, 97">Chaytor, 97.</ref>
On James' death, the lands of the [[Crown of Aragon]] were divided, with Aragon and Valencia, along with the most of the [[Catalan counties]], going to the eldest son, Peter, while the [[Balearic Islands]] (constituted as the [[Kingdom of Majorca]]), the Catalan counties of [[County of Roussillon|Rousillon-Vallespir]], [[County of Conflent|Conflent]] and [[Capcir]] alongside the territories in the [[Languedoc]] ([[lordship of Montpellier]]), went to the second son, [[James II of Majorca|James]]. Peter and Constance were crowned in [[Zaragoza]] (the capital of the Aragonese Kingdom) in November by the [[archbishop of Tarragona]]. At this ceremony, Peter renounced all feudal obligations to the papacy which his grandfather [[Peter II of Aragon|Peter II]] had incurred.
==Early rebellions==
Peter's first act as king was to complete the pacification of his Valencian territory, an action which had been underway on his father's death.
However, a revolt soon broke out in Catalonia, led by the viscount of [[Cardona, Spain|Cardona]] and abetted by [[Roger-Bernard III of Foix]], [[Arnold Roger I of Pallars Sobirà]], and [[Ermengol X of Urgell]].<ref name="Chaytor, 97"/> The rebels had grown a hatred for Peter in response to the severity of his dealings with them in the days of his father. Now, as king, they opposed him for not summoning the Catalan ''corts'', or assembly, and confirming its privileges.
At the same time, a succession crisis continued in the [[County of Urgell]]. When [[Álvaro of Urgell|Count Álvaro]] died in 1268, the families of his two wives, Constance, a daughter of [[Pedro Moncada of Béarn]], and Cecilia, a daughter of [[Roger-Bernard II of Foix]], began a long fight over the inheritance of his county. Meanwhile, a good portion of the county had been repossessed by James and thus inherited by Peter. In 1278, Armengol X, Álvaro's eldest son, succeeded in recovering most of his lost patrimony and came to an agreement with Peter whereby he recognised the latter as his suzerain.<ref name="Chaytor, 97"/>
In 1280, Peter defeated the stewing rebellion led by Roger-Berengar III after besieging the rebels in [[Balaguer]] for a month. Most of the rebel leaders were imprisoned in [[Lleida]] until 1281, while Roger-Bernard was imprisoned until 1284.
==
===Africa===
When the [[Hafsid]] Emir of Tunisia, [[Muhammad I al-Mustansir]], who had put himself under James the Conqueror, died in 1277, Tunisia threw off the yoke of Aragonese suzerainty.<ref>Chaytor, 101.</ref> Peter first sent an expedition to [[Tunis]] in 1280 under [[Conrad de Llansa]] designed to re-establish his suzerainty.<ref name="Chaytor, 97"/> In 1281, he himself prepared to lead a fleet of 140 ships with {{formatnum:15000}} men to invade Tunisia on behalf of the governor of [[Constantine (city)|Constantine]].<ref>Chaytor, 102.</ref> The fleet landed at [[Collo|Alcoyll]] in 1282 and the troops began to fortify themselves in. It was these Aragonese troops that received a Sicilian embassy after the [[Sicilian Vespers|Vespers]] of 30 March asking Peter to take their throne from [[Charles of Anjou]].
===Italy===
[[Image:Arrivo aragonesi.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Peter's fleet landing at Trapani. The king is depicted directing the landing, second from left in the upper boat, wearing the crown and a red tunic.]]
{{main|War of the Sicilian Vespers}}
Peter was the direct descendant and the heir-general of the Mafalda, daughter of [[Robert Guiscard]], [[Duke of Apulia]], the [[Normans|Norman]] conqueror, and his official wife [[Sigelgaita of Salerno|Sigelgaita]], daughter of a [[Lombards|Lombard]] [[prince]], [[Guaimar IV of Salerno]]. Thus, he stood at the end of the [[Hauteville family|Hauteville]] succession to Sicily. After the ducal family of Apulia became extinct with [[William II, Duke of Apulia|William II]] in 1127, Mafalda's heirs (then counts of Barcelona) apparently became ''de jure'' heirs of Guiscard and Sigelgaita: thus Peter was dormantly a claimant to the Norman succession of southern Italy. More directly, he was the heir of Manfred in right of his wife. The [[Two Sicilies]] were to be a tenaciously-pursued inheritance for the Aragonese royal house and its heirs for the next five centuries.
The Italian physician [[John of Procida]] acted on behalf of Peter in Sicily. John had fled to Aragon after Charles' [[Battle of Tagliacozzo|success at Tagliacozzo]]. John travelled to Sicily to stir up the discontents in favour of Peter and thence to [[Constantinople]] to procure the support of [[Michael VIII Palaeologus]].<ref name="Chaytor, 103">Chaytor, 103.</ref> Michael refused to aid the Aragonese king without papal approval and so John voyaged to Rome and there gained the consent of [[Pope Nicholas III]], who feared the ascent of Charles in the Mezzogiorno.<ref name="Chaytor, 103"/> John then returned to Barcelona and the pope promptly died, to be replaced by [[Simon de Brie]], a Frenchman and a staunch ally of Charles. The stage, however, had been set for a conflict.
After receiving an embassy from the people of [[Palermo]] at Alcoyll, Peter landed at [[Trapani]] on 30 August 1282.<ref name="Chaytor, 103"/> He was proclaimed King in Palermo on 4 September. Charles was forced to flee across the [[Straits of Messina]] and be content with his "[[Kingdom of Naples]]". Simon de Brie as the new [[Pope Martin IV]] excommunicated both Peter and the [[Byzantine emperor]] for providing Peter III with {{formatnum:60000}} gold pieces to invade [[Sicily]] (18 November).<ref name="bribe">J. Harris, ''Byzantium and The Crusades'', 180</ref>
Peter nevertheless pressed his advantage and by February 1283 had taken most of the [[Calabria]]n coastline. Charles, perhaps feeling desperate, sent letters to Peter demanding they resolve the conflict by personal combat. The invader accepted and Charles returned to France to arrange the duel. Both kings chose six knights to settle matters of places and dates. A duel was scheduled for 1 June at [[Bordeaux]]. A hundred knights would accompany each side and [[Edward I of England]] would adjudge the contest; the English king, heeding the pope, however, refused to take part. Peter left John of Procida in charge of Sicily and returned via his own kingdom to Bordeaux, which, evading a suspected French ambush, he entered in disguise. Needless to say, no combat ever took place and Peter returned to find very turbulent Aragon.<ref name="Harris, 104">Harris, 104.</ref>
While Peter was back, his admiral, [[Roger of Lauria]], was wreaking havoc in Italy. He routed Charles' fleets on the high seas several times and conquered [[Malta]] for Aragon.
==Later domestic unrest==
Peter was dealing with domestic unrest at the time when the French were preparing an invasion. He took [[Albarracín]] from the rebellious noble Juan Núñez de Lara, and he renewed the alliance with [[Sancho IV of Castile]] and attacked [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]] in an attempt to prevent the [[king of Navarre]], [[Philip IV of France|Philip I]], the son of the French king, from invading on that front.
Peter held meetings of the ''cortes'' at [[Tarragona]] and [[Zaragoza]] in 1283. He was forced to grant the ''Privilegio General'' to the newly formed [[Union of Aragon]].<ref name="Harris, 104"/> Also in that year, Peter's brother James joined the French and recognised their suzerainty over Montpellier, giving them free passage through the Balearic Islands and Roussillon. In October, Peter began preparing the defences of [[Catalonia]].
In 1284, [[Pope Martin IV]] granted the kingdom of Aragon to [[Charles, Count of Valois]], the son of the French king, [[Philip III of France|Philip III the Bold]], and great nephew of Charles. Papal sanction was given to a war — crusade — to conquer Aragon on behalf of Charles of Valois.
==Aragonese Crusade==
{{main|Aragonese Crusade}}
[[File:Pedro III el Grande en el collado de las Panizas.jpg|thumb|''Peter III at Col de Panissars'' by [[:es:Mariano Barbasán|Mariano Barbasán]] (1889)]]
In 1284, the first French armies under [[Philip III of France|King Philip]] and [[Charles of Valois|Count Charles]] entered Roussillon. They included {{formatnum:16000}} cavalry, {{formatnum:17000}} crossbowmen, and {{formatnum:100000}} infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports.<ref>Harris, 106.</ref> Though the French had James's support, the local populace rose against them. The city of [[Elne]] was valiantly defended by the so-called ''bâtard de Roussillon'' ("bastard of Roussillon"), the illegitimate son of [[Nuño Sánchez]], late count of Roussillon (1212–1242). Eventually he was overcome and the cathedral was burnt; the royal forces progressed.
In 1285, Philip entrenched himself before [[Girona]] in an attempt to besiege it. The resistance was strong, but the city was taken. Charles was crowned there, but without an actual crown. The French soon experienced a reversal, however, at the hands of [[Roger de Lauria]], back from the Italian theatre of the drawn-out conflict. The French fleet was defeated and destroyed at the [[Battle of Les Formigues]]. As well, the French camp was hit hard by an epidemic of [[dysentery]].
Philip himself was afflicted. The heir to the French throne, [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]], opened negotiations with Peter for free passage for the royal family through the [[Pyrenees]]. But the troops were not offered such passage and were decimated at the [[Battle of the Col de Panissars]]. The king of France himself died at [[Perpignan]], the capital of James of Majorca, who had fled in fear after being confronted by Peter, and was buried in [[Narbonne]]. James was declared a vassal of Peter.
==Troubadour works==
Peter matched his father in patronage of the arts and literature, but unlike him he was a lover of verse, not prose. He favoured the [[troubadours]], of which he himself was one, and wrote two [[sirventes]]os.
The first is in the form of an exchange between Peter and one [[Peironet]], a [[jongleur]]. The second forms part of a compilation of five compositions from [[Bernat d'Auriac]], Peter the Great, [[Pere Salvatge]] (perhaps the same as Peironet), Roger-Bernard III of Foix, and an anonymous contributor.
As well, the wars with Philip of France and James of Majorca furnished material for new sirventesos and during this period the sirventes was converted into a convenient tool of political propaganda in which each side could, directly or allegorically, present its case and procure sympathy propitious to its cause.
==Death and legacy==
Peter died by unknown causes at [[Vilafranca del Penedès]] on 2 November 1285, in the same year as his royal foe [[Philip III of France|Philip]], and was buried in the monastery of [[Santes Creus]].<ref>[http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2009/11/26/actualidad/1259190001_850215.html El País, news on discovery of mummy of Peter III at Monastery of Santes Creus]</ref> His deathbed absolution occurred after he declared that his conquests had been in the name of his familial claims and never against the claims of the church. His remains are entombed in a [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]]sarcophagus at [[Santes Creus|Santes Creus Monastery]].
Peter left Aragon to his eldest son [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]] and Sicily to his second son [[James II of Aragon|James II]]. Peter's third son, [[Frederick II of Trinacria|Frederick III]], in succession to his brother James, became regent of Sicily and in due course its king. Peter did not provide for his youngest and bastard son and namesake, Peter (1275 – 25 August 1296), who married [[Constança Mendes da Silva]], daughter of [[Soeiro Mendes Petite]], governor of [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] in Portugal. This Peter left Spain for Portugal with his sister Elizabeth.
Peter also had two daughters, [[Elizabeth of Portugal|Elisabeth]], who married [[Denis of Portugal]], and [[Yolanda of Aragon|Yolanda]] (1273 – August 1302), who married [[Robert of Naples]].
In the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', [[Dante Alighieri]] sees Peter "singing in accord" (''d'ogni valor portó cinta la corda'') with his former rival, Charles I of Sicily, outside the gates of [[Purgatory]].
==Ancestry==
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|9= 9. [[Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon|Sancha of Castile]]
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|16= 16. [[Ramon Berenguer
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|21= 21. Matilda of Burgundy
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==Bibliography==
*[[Steven Runciman|Runciman, Steven]]. ''The Sicilian Vespers''. 1958. ISBN 0-521-43774-1
*Chaytor, H. J. ''[http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm A History of Aragon and Catalonia]''. London: Methuen, 1933.
{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Aragon]]|c.|1239|2 November|1285|[[House of Barcelona]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-bef|rows=3|before = [[James I of Aragon|James I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Image:Aragon Arms.svg|30px]]<br>[[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]]|years = 1276–1285}}
{{s-aft|rows=3|after = [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Counts of Barcelona|Count of Barcelona]]|years=1276–1285}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Valencian monarchs|King of Valencia]]|years=1276–1285}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles I of Sicily|Charles I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Sicily|King of Sicily]]|years=1282–1285<br>with Constance}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James II of Aragon|James]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}
{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peter 03 Of Aragon}}
[[Category:1239 births]]
[[Category:1285 deaths]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church]]
[[Category:People from Valencia]]
[[Category:Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:Valencian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Catalan-language poets]]
[[Category:Troubadours]]
[[Category:Characters in The Decameron]]
[[Category:House of Aragon]]
[[Category:Christians of the Aragonese Crusade]]
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