Abu Rayhan al-Biruni

Al-Bīrūnī, Bērūnī (بیرونی)
Alberonius
Islams guldalder
Al-Bīrūnī, Bērūnī (بیرونی); Alberonius; Islams guldalder
Personlig information
Kæle/øgenavn	أبو الريحان
Født	محمد بن احمد البيروني ; 4. september 973 ; Khwarazm, Samanid Persien (nuverænde Uzbekistan)
Død	9. december 1048 (75 år) ; Ghazni, Ghaznavid dynastiet (nuværende Afghanistan)
Bopæl	Ghazni, Gorgan, Ray
Uddannelse og virke
Elev af	Abu Nasr Mansur
Beskæftigelse	Farmaceut, humanist, astronom, sprogforsker, astrolog, fysiker, matematiker, kartograf, indolog, historiker med flere
Fagområde	Geografi, lægevidenskab, arbejder, farmakologi, kronologi med flere
Kendt for	Grundlægger af indologi og Geodæsiens far
Kendte værker	Kitab Al-Djamahir Fi Maârifati Al-Djawahir, al-Qānūn al-Maʻsudī, Al-Biruni's India, The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries, Tahdid nihayat al-amakin li-tashih masafat al-masakin med flere
	Information med symbolet hentes fra Wikidata. Kildehenvisninger foreligger sammesteds.; [ redigér på Wikidata ]

Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī kendt som Alberonius på Latin og Al-Biruni på Engelsk,^[5] født 973 i Kath, død 1048 i Ghazni, var en persisk^[6], khwarezmisk^[7]^[8] lærd og polyhistor.

al-Biruni anses som en af den islamiske guldalders største lærde. Han var velbevandret i fysik, matematik, astronomi og naturvidenskab, og udmærkede sig også som historiker, kronolog og lingvist. Han kunne begå sig på khwarezmisk, persisk, arabisk, sanskrit, og kendte også til græsk, hebraisk, assyrisk og berbisk. Han tilbragte en stor del af sit liv i Ghaznavidedynastiets hovedstad Ghazni (i det nuværende Afghanistan), hvorfra ghaznaviderne regerede det nuværende østlige Iran og det nordvestlige indiske subkontinent. I 1017 rejste han til det indiske subkontinent og introducerede gennem hans studier den islamiske verden til forskellige indiske videnskaber. Han fik titlerne "grundlægger af indologi" og "den første antropolog".^[9] Han fik derudover titlen al-Ustdadh ("Mesteren") i anerkendelse af hans bemærkelsesværdige beskrivelser af Indien i det tidlige 11. århundrede.^[8] Han har også ydet bidrag til geologi, og betragtes som "geodæsiens fader" for hans vigtige bidrag til dette område, sammen med hans betydelige bidrag til geografi.

Liv redigér

al-Biruni blev født i Kath (i dag Beruniy) i 973, der var hovedstaden det khwarezmiske Afrighid-dynasti.^[10] Han tilbragte sine første 25 år i Khwarezm, hvor han studerede fiqh, teologi, grammatik, matematik, astronomi, medicin og filosofi.^[10] Hans modersmål var, udover persisk, det nu uddøde iranske sprog khwarezmisk, der fra det 13. århundrede og frem gradvist blev erstattet med farsi og forskellige tyrkiske dialekter.

al-Biruni var venligt stemt over for afrighiderne, der regerede Khwarezm før Mamuniderne erobrede områet i 995. al-Biruni forlod sit hjemland og drog til Bukhara, der dengang var under den Samanidiske hersker Mansur 2. Herfra korresponderede han med den persiske videnskabsmand Avicenna,^[11], og der findes bevarede udvekslinger af synspunkter imellem de to lærde.

I 998 tog han til den ziyaridiske emir Qabus af Tabaristans hof, hvor han skrev sit første betydelige værk, al-Athar al-Baqqiya 'et al-Qorun al-Khaliyya (bogstaveligt: "De resterende spor af de seneste århundreder" og oversat som "Kronologi over antikke nationer" eller "levn fra fortiden") om historisk og videnskabelig kronologi, sandsynligvis omkring år 1000.

I 1017 erobrede Mahmud af Ghazni byen Ray. De fleste lærde, heriblandt al-Biruni, blev taget til Ghazni, Ghaznavid-dynastiets hovedstad.^[12] al-Biruni blev udnævnt til hofastrolog^[13] og ledsagede Mahmud på hans flerårige erobringstogt i Indien. Her studerede han alle aspekter af Indien, og lærte muligvis sanskrit.^[14] I denne periode skrev han Kitab ta'rikh al-Hind ("Bogen om Indien") om indisk religion og filosofi, der lå færdig omkring år 1030.^[15]

Kilder redigér

^ Navnet er anført på engelsk og stammer fra Wikidata hvor navnet endnu ikke findes på dansk.
^ Navnet er anført på engelsk og stammer fra Wikidata hvor navnet endnu ikke findes på dansk.
^ Navnet er anført på engelsk og stammer fra Wikidata hvor navnet endnu ikke findes på dansk.
^ Navnet er anført på engelsk og stammer fra Wikidata hvor navnet endnu ikke findes på dansk.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, al-Biruni (Persian scholar and scientist) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Britannica.com, hentet 2010-02-28
^
- Bosworth, C. E. (1968), “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)”, J.A. Boyle (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Cambridge University Press: 1-202. [45]. Excerpt from page 7:"The Iranian scholar al-BIruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC) "
- Richard Frye: "The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History"(R.N. Frye, "The Golden age of Persia", 2000, Phoenix Press. pg 162)
- M. A. Saleem Khan, "Al-Biruni's discovery of India: an interpretative study", iAcademicBooks, 2001. pg 11: "It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect" he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect, scholar - Google Search
- Rahman, H. U. (1995). A Chronology of Islamic History : 570 - 1000 CE. London: Mansell Publishing. s. 167. ISBN 1-897940-32-7. A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages

^ * Biruni (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 April 2007;

David C. Lindberg, Science in the Middle Ages, University of Chicago Press, p. 18:

"A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."

;

L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219.

“

In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba.

”

Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index: Vol. 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112: "Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language, he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science.";
D. N. MacKenzie, Encyclopaedia Iranica, "CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language". Excerpt: "Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development..The earliest examples have been left by the great Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī.";
Helaine Selin, "Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures ", Springer, 1997. "Al-Biruni", pg 157: "his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect"

^ ^a ^b D.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236-1238. Excerpt 1: "He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September — see E. Sachau, Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm". Excerpt 2:"was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, "the Master".
^ Robinson, Francis (2010). Islam in South Asia: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press US. s. 10. ISBN 0-19-980644-6.
^ ^a ^b C. Edmund Bosworth, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life" in Encyclopedia Iranica. Access date April 2011 at BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life – Encyclopaedia Iranica
^ Firoozeh Papan-Matin, Beyond death: the mystical teachings of ʻAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadhānī, (Brill, 2010), 111.
^ The Exact Sciences, E.S.Kennedy, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, Ed. Richard Nelson Frye, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 394.
^ Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Vol.3, (University of Chicago Press, 1958), 168.
^ Jean Jacques Waardenburg, Muslim Perceptions of other Religions: A Historical Survey, (Oxford University Press, 1999), 27.
^ Jean Jacques Waardenburg, 27.

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[5] Encyclopædia Britannica, al-Biruni (Persian scholar and scientist) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Britannica.com, hentet 2010-02-28

[6] 
Bosworth, C. E. (1968), “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)”, J.A. Boyle (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Cambridge University Press: 1-202. [45]. Excerpt from page 7:"The Iranian scholar al-BIruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC) "

Richard Frye: "The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History"(R.N. Frye, "The Golden age of Persia", 2000, Phoenix Press. pg 162)

M. A. Saleem Khan, "Al-Biruni's discovery of India: an interpretative study", iAcademicBooks, 2001. pg 11: "It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect" he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect, scholar - Google Search

Rahman, H. U. (1995). A Chronology of Islamic History : 570 - 1000 CE. London: Mansell Publishing. s. 167. ISBN 1-897940-32-7. A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages

[7] Bosworth, C. E. (1968), “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)”, J.A. Boyle (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, Cambridge University Press: 1-202. [45]. Excerpt from page 7:"The Iranian scholar al-BIruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC) "

[8] Richard Frye: "The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History"(R.N. Frye, "The Golden age of Persia", 2000, Phoenix Press. pg 162)

[9] M. A. Saleem Khan, "Al-Biruni's discovery of India: an interpretative study", iAcademicBooks, 2001. pg 11: "It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect" he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect, scholar - Google Search

[10] Rahman, H. U. (1995). A Chronology of Islamic History : 570 - 1000 CE. London: Mansell Publishing. s. 167. ISBN 1-897940-32-7. A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages

[7] * Biruni (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 April 2007;
David C. Lindberg, Science in the Middle Ages, University of Chicago Press, p. 18:

"A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."
;
L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219.

“ In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba. ”

Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index: Vol. 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112: "Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language, he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science.";

D. N. MacKenzie, Encyclopaedia Iranica, "CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language". Excerpt: "Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development..The earliest examples have been left by the great Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī.";

Helaine Selin, "Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures ", Springer, 1997. "Al-Biruni", pg 157: "his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect"

[12] David C. Lindberg, Science in the Middle Ages, University of Chicago Press, p. 18:

[13] L. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219.

[14] Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index: Vol. 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112: "Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language, he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science.";

[15] D. N. MacKenzie, Encyclopaedia Iranica, "CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language". Excerpt: "Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development..The earliest examples have been left by the great Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī.";

[16] Helaine Selin, "Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures ", Springer, 1997. "Al-Biruni", pg 157: "his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect"

[EIs-8] D.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236-1238. Excerpt 1: "He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September — see E. Sachau, Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm". Excerpt 2:"was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, "the Master".

[9] Robinson, Francis (2010). Islam in South Asia: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press US. s. 10. ISBN 0-19-980644-6.

[EirLife-10] C. Edmund Bosworth, "BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life" in Encyclopedia Iranica. Access date April 2011 at BĪRŪNĪ, ABŪ RAYḤĀN i. Life – Encyclopaedia Iranica

[11] Firoozeh Papan-Matin, Beyond death: the mystical teachings of ʻAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadhānī, (Brill, 2010), 111.

[The_Exact_Sciences_1999-12] The Exact Sciences, E.S.Kennedy, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, Ed. Richard Nelson Frye, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 394.

[13] Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Vol.3, (University of Chicago Press, 1958), 168.

[14] Jean Jacques Waardenburg, Muslim Perceptions of other Religions: A Historical Survey, (Oxford University Press, 1999), 27.

[15] Jean Jacques Waardenburg, 27.

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