Kleisthenes
Kleisthenes (/ˈklaɪsθɪniːz/ KLYS-thin-eez; græsk: Κλεισθένης) (født ca. 570 fvt. – død ca. 508 fvt.[1] - eller født ca. 550 fvt. - død ca. 500 fvt.[2]) var en gammel athensk lovgiver krediteret for at reformere det antikke Athens forfatning og sætte den på demokratisk fod i 508 fvt.[3][4] For disse præstationer omtaler historikere ham som "faderen til det athenske demokrati".[5] Han var medlem af den aristokratiske alkmaionidernes slægt. Han var den yngre søn af Megacles og Agariste, hvilket gjorde ham til mors barnebarn af tyrannen Kleisthenes fra Sicyon.[6] Han blev også krediteret for at øge magten i den athenske borgerforsamling og for at reducere adelens magt over athensk politik.[7]
I 510 fvt. hjalp spartanske tropper athenerne med at vælte tyrannen Hippias, søn af Peisistratos. Kleomenes I, konge af Sparta, indførte et pro-spartansk oligarki ledet af Isagoras.[8] Kleisthenes overtog dog med støtte fra middelklassen og hjulpet af demokrater. Cleomenes greb ind i 508 og 506 fvt., men kunne ikke stoppe Kleisthenes og hans athenske tilhængere. Gennem Kleisthenes' reformer gav befolkningen i Athen deres by isonomiske institutioner – lige rettigheder for alle borgere (selvom kun frie mænd var borgere)[9] – og etablerede udstødelse som en straf.[10]
Referencer
redigér- ^ britannica.com: Cleisthenes of Athens, backup Citat: "...Cleisthenes of Athens (born c. 570 bce—died c. 508) was a statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy..."
- ^ denstoredanske.lex.dk: Kleisthenes, backup Citat: "...Kleisthenes, ca. 550-500 f.Kr., athensk statsmand af alkmaionidernes slægt..."
- ^ Ober, pp. 83 ff.
- ^ The New York Times (30. oktober 2007) [1st pub:2004]. John W. Wright (red.). The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge, Second Edition: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. New York: St. Martin's Press. s. 628. ISBN 978-0-312-37659-8. Hentet 31. januar 2017.
- ^ R. Po-chia Hsia, Julius Caesar, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740 (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.
- ^ Smith, William (1867). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Alcmaeonidae. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. s. 105-106.
- ^ Langer, William L. (1968) The Early Period, to c. 500 B.C. An Encyclopedia of World History (Fourth Edition pp. 66). Printed in the United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company. Accessed: January 30, 2011
- ^ Lewis, D. M. (1963). "Cleisthenes and Attica". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 12 (1): 25. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434773 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Hayek, Friedrich A. von (1960). The constitution of liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. s. 238-242. ISBN 0-226-32084-7. OCLC 498999.
- ^ Robinson, C. A. (1952). "Cleisthenes and Ostracism". American Journal of Archaeology. 56 (1): 23-24. doi:10.2307/500834. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 500834.
Primær kilder
redigér- en.wikisource.org: Athenian Constitution. Se original tekst i Perseus program.
- Aristotle (1984). The Athenian Constitution. P.J. Rhodes trans. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044431-9.
Sekundær kilder
redigér- Morris I.; Raaflaub K., red. (1998). Democracy 2500?: Questions and Challenges. Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co.
- Ober, Josiah (2007). "I Besieged That Man, Democracy's Revolutionary Start". Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24562-4.
- Lévêque, Pierre; Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (1996). Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Political Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato. Humanities Press.
- David Ames Curtis: Translator's Foreword to Pierre Vidal-Maquet and Pierre Lévêque's Cleisthenes the Athenian: An Essay on the Representation of Space and Time in Greek Thought from the End of the Sixth Century to the Death of Plato (1993-1994) http://kaloskaisophos.org/rt/rtdac/rtdactf/rtdactfcleisthenes.html
Yderligere læsning
redigér- Davies, J.K. (1993). Democracy and classical Greece. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19607-4.
- Ehrenberg, Victor (2010). From Solon to Socrates Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-84477-9.
- Forrest, William G. (1966). The Emergence of Greek Democracy, 800–400 BC. New York: McGraw–Hill.
- Hignett, Charles (1952). A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth Century BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Larsen, Jakob A. O. (1948). "Cleisthenes and the Development of the Theory of Democracy at Athens". I Konvitz, Milton R.; Murphy, Arthur E. (red.). Essays in Political Theory Presented to George H. Sabine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- O'Neil, James L. (1995). The origins and development of ancient Greek democracy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-7956-X.
- Staveley, E. S. (1972). Greek and Roman voting and elections. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Pr. ISBN 0-8014-0693-5.
- Thorley, John (1996). Athenian democracy. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12967-2.
- Zimmern, Alfred (1911). The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth Century Athens. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eksterne henvisninger
redigér- BBC – History – The Democratic Experiment
- Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11. udgave). s. 479-481.