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{{Campaignbox World War II}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific War}}
'''Angreb på Nordamerika under [[2. verdenskrig]]''' af [[aksemagterne]] var sjældne, hovedsageligt på grund af kontinentets [[Geografi|geografiske]] adskillelse fra de centrale krigskuepladser i Europa og Asien. Denne artikel indeholder angreb på fastland (indtil 370 km i havet), der i dag er under suverænitet af USA, Canada og Mexico, men udelukker militære indsats, i det danske territorium Grønland (se [[Grønlands historie#2. verdenskrig|Grønland under 2. verdenskrig]]) og Pearl Harbor.
'''Attacks on North America during [[World War II]]''' by the [[Axis Powers]] were rare, mainly due to the continent's [[geographical]] separation from the central [[Theater (warfare)|theaters of conflict]] in Europe and Asia. This article includes attacks on continental territory (extending 200 miles [370 km] into the ocean) which is today under the sovereignty of the United States, Canada and Mexico, but excludes military action involving the Danish territory of [[Greenland]] (see [[History of Greenland during World War II]]) and Pearl Harbor.
 
== Japanske operationer ==
==Japanese operations==
=== Ellwood-bombardementet shelling===
USA's fastland blev første gang beskudt af aksemagterne den [[23. februar]] [[1942]], da den japanske [[I-17 (Japan)|ubåd ''I-17'']] angreb [[Ellwood Oil Field]] vest for [[Goleta, Californien|Goleta]], nær [[Santa Barbara]] i [[Californien]]. Selvom kun et pumpehus og gangbroen på en oliekilde blev beskadiget, rapportere kommandøren på I-17, Nishino Kozo Tokyo, at han havde forladt Santa Barbara i flammer. Ingen tilskadekomne blev rapporteret og de samlede udgifter til skader, blev officielt anslået til ca. 500-1.000 [[Amerikansk dollar|amerikanske dollars]].<ref name=Ellwood>{{kilde www |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html |titel={{en sprog}} The Shelling of Ellwood |udgiver=The California State Military Museum |besøgsdato=9. december 2007}}</ref> Nyheder om bombningen udløste en [[Slaget om Los Angeles|invasionfrygt]] langs den amerikansk vestkyst.<ref>Young, Donald J. [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031956.html {{en sprog}} Phantom Japanese Raid on Los Angeles] Word War II Magazine, september 2003</ref>
The United States [[mainland]] was first [[Bombardment|shelled]] by the Axis on February 23, 1942 when the Japanese [[Japanese submarine I-17|submarine ''I-17'']] attacked the [[Ellwood Oil Field]] west of [[Goleta, California|Goleta]], near [[Santa Barbara, California]]. Although only a pumphouse and catwalk at one oil well were damaged, ''I-17'' [[Captain (naval)|captain]] Nishino Kozo radioed Tokyo that he had left Santa Barbara in flames. No casualties were reported and the total cost of the damage was officially estimated at approximately $500–1,000.<ref name=Ellwood>{{Citation
|url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html
|title=The Shelling of Ellwood
|publisher=The California State Military Museum
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> News of the shelling triggered an [[The Battle of Los Angeles|invasion scare]] along the West Coast.<ref>Young, Donald J. [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031956.html Phantom Japanese Raid on Los Angeles] Word War II Magazine, September 2003</ref>
 
=== Luftangrebet på Dutch Harbor air raid===
{{mainhovedartikel|BattleSlaget ofom Dutch Harbor}}
JapaneseJapanske carrier-basedhangarskibsbaseret aircraftfly launchedudførte twoto raidsangreb onpå theden USamerikanske militarymilitærbase base ofi [[Dutch Harbor]], [[Alaska]], onom thenatten nightmellem ofden June[[3. juni|3.]]-[[4,. juni]] [[1942]], assom parten ofdel itsaf diversionderes invildledning thei Aleutians[[Aleuterne]] during theunder [[BattleSlaget ofom Midway]]. campaign,Angrebet killingkoststede 78 US servicemen,amerikanske withsoldater alivet loss ofog 10 Japanesejapanske tab. TheDe USamerikanske forcesstyrker werevar ablei tostand salvagetil aat crashedredde en nedstyrtet japansk [[Akutan Zero|Japanese Zero]], givingsom thegav Americansamerikanerne valuableværdifulde technicaltekniske intelligenceoplysninger.
 
===Battle of the Aleutian Islands===
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In what became known as the [[Battle of the Aleutian Islands]], American forces engaged the Japanese on [[Attu Island]] and regained control by the end of May 1943, after taking significant casualties in difficult terrain in which hundreds died. A large invasion force, mainly US, but including many Canadian troops, assaulted [[Kiska Island]] on August 7, 1943, but the Japanese had already withdrawn, undetected, ten days earlier.
 
Although Alaska was a U.S. territory and not yet a state (statehood was not granted until 1959), it was part of the North American continent. This battle also marks the only time since the [[War of 1812]] that U.S. territory in North America has been occupied by a foreign power.
 
In response to the United States' success at the [[Battle of Midway]], the invasion alert for [[San Francisco]] was canceled on June 8, 1942.
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{{main|Fire balloon}}
 
Between November 1944 and April 1945, Japan launched over 9,000 fire balloons toward North America. Carried by the recently-discovered Pacific [[jet stream]], they were to sail over the Pacific Ocean and land in North America, where the Japanese hoped they would start forest fires and cause other damage. About three hundred were reported as reaching North America, but little damage was caused. Six people (five children and a woman) became the only deaths due to enemy action to occur on mainland America during World War II when one of the children tampered with a bomb from thea balloon near [[Bly, Oregon]] and it exploded. Recently released reports by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and the Canadian military indicate that fire balloons reached as far inland as [[Saskatchewan]]. A fire balloon is also considered to be a possible cause of the final fire in the [[Tillamook Burn]]. One member of the [[555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)]] died while responding to a fire in the Northwest August 6, 1945; other casualties of the 555th were two fractures and 20 other injuries.
 
==German operations==
===''German landings in the United States''===
[[Image:Fbi duquesne.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]], FBI file photo.]]
====Duquesne Spy Ring====
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====Operation Pastorius====
{{main|Operation Pastorius}}
When the United States entered World War II, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the remaining German [[saboteur]]s to wreak havoc on the country. The responsibility for carrying this out was given to German Intelligence ([[Abwehr]]). In June 1942, eight agents were recruited and divided into two teams: the first, commanded by [[George John Dasch]], with [[Ernst Peter Burger]], Heinrich Heinck and Richard Quirin.; Thethe second, under the command of Edward Kerling, with Hermann Neubauer, Werner Thiel and Herbert Haupt.
 
On June 12, 1942, the [[U-boat]] ''U-202'' landed Dasch's team with explosives and plans at [[East Hampton (town), New York|East Hampton]], [[Long Island]], New York.<ref>{{Citation
Line 84 ⟶ 80:
|author=Jonathan Wallace
|publisher=spectacle.org
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> Their mission was to destroy power plants at Niagara Falls and three Aluminum Company of America ([[ALCOA]]) factories in Illinois, Tennessee and New York. Dasch instead turned himself in to the FBI, providing them with a complete account of the planned mission, which led to the arrest of the completeentire team.
 
Kerling's team landed from ''U-584'' at [[Ponte Vedra Beach]] (25 miles [40&nbsp;km] south-east of [[Jacksonville]], [[Florida]]), on June 17. They were tasked with laying mines in four areas: the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] in [[Newark, New Jersey]], canal sluices in both St. Louis and Cincinnati, and New York City's water supply pipes. The team made their way to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] and split up, with two going to Chicago, Illinois and the others to New York. The Dasch confession led to the arrest of all of the men by July 10.
 
All eight German agents were tried, convicted by the Military Commission, with six men sentenced to death. President Roosevelt approved the sentences. The constitutionality of the military commissions was upheld by the Supreme Court in [[Ex parte Quirin]] and six of the eightsix men were executed by electrocution on August 8. Dasch and Burger were given thirty-year prison sentences. Both were released in 1948 and deported to Germany.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20051104050405/http://www.uboatwar.net/1ufbkagents.htm
|title=Agents delivered by U-boat
|publisher=uboatwar.net
|accessdate=2007-12-09}} (from internet archive)</ref> Dasch (aka George Davis), who had been a longtime American resident prior tobefore the war, suffered a difficult life in Germany after his return from U.S. custody duebecause toof his cooperation with U.S. authorities. As a condition of his deportation, he was not permitted to return to the United States, even though he spent many years writing letters to prominent American authorities (J. Edgar Hoover, President Eisenhower, etc.) requestingseeking permission to return. He eventually moved to Switzerland and wrote a book, titled ''Eight Spies Against America''. <ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1970/3/1970_3_66.shtml
|title=The spies who came in from the sea
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In 1944 there was another attempt at infiltration, codenamed ''Operation Elster'' ("Magpie"). Elster involved [[Erich Gimpel]] and German American defector [[William Colepaugh]]. Their mission objective was to gather intelligence on the [[Manhattan Project]] and attempt sabotage if possible. The pair sailed from Kiel on ''[[Unterseeboot 1230|U-1230]]'' and landed at [[Hancock Point]], [[Maine]] on November 30, 1944. Both made their way to New York, but the operation degenerated into total failure. Colepaugh turned himself in to the FBI on December 26, confessing the whole plan; Gimpel was arrested four days later in New York. Both men were sentenced to death but eventually had their sentences commuted. Gimpel spent 10 years in prison; Colepaugh was released in 1960 and operated a business in [[King of Prussia, Pennsylvania]] before retiring to Florida.
 
=== ''German landings in Canada'' ===
====St. Martins, New Brunswick====
At about the same time as the Dasch operation (on April 25, 1944), a solitary [[Abwehr]] agent (Marius A Langbein) was landed by U-boat (possibly ''[[German submarine U-217|U-217]]'') near [[St. Martins, New Brunswick]], Canada. His mission was to observe and report shipping movements at [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia (the main departure port for North Atlantic convoys). Langbein changed his mind, however, and moved to Ottawa where he lived off his Abwehr funds, before surrendering to the Canadian authorities in December 1944.
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In November, the U-518 sank two iron ore freighters and damaged another off [[Bell Island]] in [[Conception Bay]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], en route to the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] where, despite an attack by a [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] aircraft, it successfully landed a spy, Werner von Janowski, at [[New Carlisle, Quebec]] on November 9, 1942. He was soon apprehended after Earl Annett Jr., manager of the New Carlisle Hotel, at which Janowski was staying, became suspicious and alerted authorities to a stranger using obsolete currency at the hotel bar.<ref>Essex, James W. 2004. ''Victory in the St. Lawrence: the unknown u-boat war.'' Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|R.C.M.P.]] arrested Janowski on a [[Canadian National Railways|CNR]] passenger train headed for [[Montreal]]. Inspection of Janowski's personal effects upon his arrest revealed that he was carrying a powerful radio transmitter, among other things. Janowski later spent some time as a double agent, sending false messages to the Abwehr in Germany. The effectiveness and honesty of his "turn" is a matter of some dispute.
 
=== ''Weather Station Kurt'' ===
====Martin Bay====
Accurate weather reporting was important to the sea war and on September 18, 1943, ''[[U-537]]'' sailed from [[Kiel]], via [[Bergen, Norway]], with a meteorological team led by Professor Kurt Sommermeyer. They landed at Martin Bay near the northern tip of [[Labrador]] on October 22, 1943 and successfully set up an automatic weather station ("[[Weather Station Kurt]]" or "''Wetter-Funkgerät Land-26''"), despite the constant risk of Allied air patrols.<ref name=hadley1990ch5>{{Citation
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In one instance, the [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''Virginia'' was torpedoed in the mouth of the [[Mississippi River]] by the German U-Boat [[U-507]] on May 12, 1942, killing 26 crewmen. There were 14 survivors. Again, when defensive measures were introduced, ship sinkings decreased and U-boat sinkings increased.
 
[[German submarine U-166 (1941)|U-166]] was the only U-boat sunk in the Gulf of Mexico during the war. Once thought to have been sunk by a torpedo dropped from a U.S. Coast Guard Utility Amphibian [[Grumman Widgeon|J4F aircraft]] on August 1, 1942, U-166 is now believed to have been sunk two days earlier by depth charges from the ''Robert E. Lee''’s naval escort, the U.S. Navy sub-chaser, [[PC-566]]. It is thought that the J4F aircraft may have spotted and attacked another German submarine, [[U-171]], which was operating in the area at the same time. U-166 lies in 5,000 feet of water within a mile of her last victim, the passenger ship ''SS Robert E. Lee''.<ref name="U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico Region" />
 
===Canada===
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Three significant attacks took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four [[iron ore]] carriers serving the [[Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation|DOSCO]] iron mine at [[Wabana, Newfoundland and Labrador|Wabana]] on [[Bell Island]] in [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]'s [[Conception Bay]]. The ships S.S. ''Saganaga'' and the S.S. ''Lord Strathcona'' were sunk by ''U-513'' on September 5, 1942, while the S.S. ''Rosecastle'' and ''P.L.M 27'' were sunk by ''[[U-518]]'' on November 2 with the loss of 69 lives. After the sinkings the submarine fired a torpedo that missed its target, the 3,000-ton collier ''Anna T'', and struck the DOSCO loading pier and exploded. As a result of the torpedo missing its target, [[Bell Island]] became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces during World War II. On October 14, 1942, the [[Newfoundland Railway]] ferry [[SS Caribou|SS ''Caribou'']] was torpedoed by the German U-boat U-''69'' and sunk in the [[Cabot Strait]] south of [[Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador|Port aux Basques]]. ''Caribou'' was carrying 45 crew and 206 civilian and military passengers. 137 lost their lives, many of them Newfoundlanders.
 
===Caribbean Caribien ===
Tyske ubåde bombardere et [[Standard Oil]] raffinaderi på den hollandske ø [[Aruba]] den [[16. februar]] [[1942]], der dog ikke forårsagede nogen skader.<ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884455,00.html |titel={{en sprog}} Shells at Aruba |udgivelsesdato=23. februar 1942 |udgiver=Time Magazine |besøgsdato=9. december 2007}}</ref><ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/aaf1.html |titel={{en sprog}} Defense of the Western Hemisphere |udgiver=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |besøgsdato=9. december 2007}}</ref>
German submarines shelled a [[Standard Oil]] refinery on Dutch-owned [[Aruba]] on February 16, 1942, causing no damage.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884455,00.html
|title=Shells at Aruba
|date=February 23, 1942
|publisher=Time Magazine
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/aaf1.html
|title=Defense of the Western Hemisphere
|publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>
 
AEn Germantysk submarineubåd shelledbombardere the island oføen [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]], someomkring 40 miles fromfra [[Puerto Rico]], on Marchden [[2. Nomarts]]. Det medførte damageingen orskader casualtieseller resultedtilskadekomne.
 
AnEt oilolieraffinaderi refinery onpå [[Curaçao]] wasblev shelledbeskudt on Aprilden [[19. april]].
 
==False alarms==
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===Radio silence orders===
On June 2, 1942, a nine-minute air-raid alert, including at 9:22 pm a [[radio silence]] order applied to all [[radio station]]s from Mexico to Canada.
 
==Notes==
<!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
{{reflist}}▼
 
==See also==
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*[[Black Tom Explosion]] – German sabotage in [[World War I]]
*[[List of Japanese spies, 1930–45]]
 
== Fodnoter ==
▲{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
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*[http://www.army.mil/cmh/brochures/DOA/DOA.htm Defense of Americas]
*[http://uboat.net/articles/index.html?article=29 The Battle of the St. Lawrence]
{{2. verdenskrig}}
{{World War II|state=expanded}}
 
[[Category:Campaigns and theatres of World War II]]
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