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{{Infobox royalty
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| title = Count of Barcelona, King of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, , and Lord of Montpellier
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| succession = [[Crown of Aragon|King of Aragon]]
| reign = 12 September 1213 – 27 July 1276
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Peter II of Aragon|Peter II]]
| successor = [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]]
| spouse = [[Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)|Eleanor of Castile]]<br />[[Violant of Hungary]]<br />[[Teresa Gil de Vidaure]]
| succession2 = [[King of Valencia]]
|
| coronation2 =
| predecessor2 = New title
| successor2 = [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter I]]
| succession3 = [[King of Majorca]]
| reign3 = 5 September 1231 – 27 July 1276
| coronation3 =
| predecessor3 = New title
| successor3 = [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter I]]
| issue = [[Violant of Aragon|Violant, Queen of Castile]]<br>[[Constance of Aragon, Lady of Villena|Constance, Lady of Villena]]<br>[[Peter III of Aragon]]<br>[[James II of Majorca]]<br>[[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabella, Queen of France]]
| issue-link = #Marriages and children
| issue-pipe = among others...
| house = [[House of Barcelona|Casal de Barcelona]]
| father = [[Peter II of Aragon]]
| mother = [[Maria of Montpellier]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1208|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Montpellier]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1276|7|27|1208|2|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Valencia]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Poblet Monastery]]
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
|}}
'''James I the Conqueror''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Jaume el Conqueridor'', [[Occitan language|Occitan]]: ''Jacme lo Conquistaire'', [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]: ''Chaime lo Conqueridor'', [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Jaime el Conquistador''; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the [[Count of Barcelona]], [[Kings of Aragon|King of Aragon]], [[Kings of Valencia|King of Valencia]], [[Kings of Majorca|King of Majorca]], and [[Lord of Montpellier]] from 1213 to 1276. His long reign saw the expansion of the [[House of Barcelona]] on all sides: into [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] to the south, [[Languedoc]] to the north, and the [[Balearic Islands]] to the east. By a treaty with [[Louis IX of France]], he wrested the [[county of Barcelona]] from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. His part in the [[Reconquista]] was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] in [[Andalusia]].
As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the ''[[Llibre del Consulat de Mar]]'',<ref name="Chaytor96 " /> which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western [[Mediterranean]]. He was an important figure in the development of [[Catalan language|Catalan]], sponsoring [[Catalan literature]] and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the ''[[Llibre dels fets]]''.
==Early life and reign until majority==
James was born at [[Montpellier]] as the only son of [[Peter II of Aragon]] and [[Marie of Montpellier]], heiress of [[William VIII of Montpellier]] and [[Eudokia Komnene]]. As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of [[Provence]], where his father was engaged in struggles helping the [[Cathar]] heretics of [[Albi]] against the [[Albigensian Crusade]]rs led by [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon IV de Montfort]], [[Earl of Leicester]], who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the [[Battle of Muret]] on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese appealed to [[Pope Innocent III]], who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over, at [[Carcassonne]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} in May or June 1214, to the [[papal legate]] [[Peter of Benevento]].
James was then sent to [[Monzón]], where he was entrusted to the care of [[Guillem de Montredó]],<ref>Juan Garcia Atienza: The Knights Templar in the Golden Age of Spain, P.149</ref> the head of the [[Knights Templar]] in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle [[Sancho, Count of Provence|Sancho, Count of Roussillon]], and his son, the king's cousin, [[Nuño Sánchez|Nuño]]. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to [[Zaragoza]].<ref name="Chaytor82">Chaytor, 82.</ref>
In 1221, he was married to [[Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)|Eleanor]], daughter of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and [[Leonora of England]]. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the [[Peace of Alais]] of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.<ref name="Chaytor82" />
==Acquisition of Urgell==
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. [[Guerau IV de Cabrera]] had occupied the [[County of Urgell]] in opposition to [[Aurembiax of Urgell|Aurembiax]], the heiress of [[Ermengol VIII of Urgell|Ermengol VIII]], who had died without sons in 1208. Although Aurembiax's mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James's father, upon her death in 1220 Guerau had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at [[Lleida]], probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.<ref>Chaytor, 83.</ref> She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief for him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, [[Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell|Peter of Portugal]].
==Relations with France and Navarre==
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with [[Sancho VII of Navarre]], who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, [[Theobald IV of Champagne]]. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobles instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. [[Pope Gregory IX]] was required to intervene.<ref>Chaytor, 86.</ref> In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.
James endeavoured to form a state straddling the [[Pyrenees]] in order to counterbalance the power of France north of the [[Loire River|Loire]]. As with the much earlier [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he declined to launch into perilous adventures. By the [[Treaty of Corbeil (1258)|Treaty of Corbeil]], signed in May 1258, he ended his conflict with [[Louis IX of France]], securing the renunciation of French claims to sovereignty over Catalonia. {{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
==
After his false start at uniting Aragon with the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] where he conquered [[Majorca]] on 31 December in 1229 and the rest of the [[Balearic Islands]]. Although a group of Aragonese knights took part in the campaign because of their obligations to the king, the [[conquest of Majorca]] was mainly a Catalan undertaking (Catalans would later make up the majority of Majorca's settlers). On 5 September 1229, the troops from Aragon, consisting of 155 ships, 1,500 horsemen and 15,000 soldiers, set sail from Tarragona, Salou, and Cambrils<ref name="Herradón">{{Cite book |last= Herradón |first= Oscar|title= Jaime I el Conquistador, el rey cruzado (James I the Conqueror, king of the crusades) |url= |work= Historia de Iberia Vieja: revista de historia de España (History of Ancient Iberia: review of the history of Spain) |volume= |number= 39|issn= 1699-7913|year= 2008 |page=15}}</ref> to conquer Majorca from [[Abú Yahya]], the semi-independent Almohad governor of the island.
Also acquired during the reconquest were [[Minorca]] 1232 and [[Ibiza]] 1235). Valencia capitulated to Aragonese rule on 28 September 1238,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} following an extensive campaign that included the [[Siege of Burriana]] and the decisive [[Battle of the Puig]], where the Aragonese commander, [[Bernardo Guillermo de Entenza]], who was also the king's cousin, died from wounds received in action.
Chroniclers say he used [[gunpowder]] in the siege of [[Museros]] castle.
During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the [[Moors]] in [[Murcia]], on behalf of his son-in-law [[Alfonso X of Castile]]. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the [[Treaty of Almizra]] to establish their zones of expansion into [[Andalusia]] so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly created [[Kingdom of Valencia]]. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from [[Biar]] to [[Villajoyosa]] through [[Busot]] were reserved for Castile.
==Crusade of 1269==
The "Khan of Tartary" (actually the [[Ilkhan]]) [[Abaqa]] corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the [[Mongols]] and go on [[crusade]].<ref>Chaytor, 90.</ref> James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of [[Jayme Alaric de Perpignan]], who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.<ref name=Runciman330>Runciman, ''History of the Crusades'', pp. 330–332</ref> [[Pope Clement IV]] tried to dissuade James from crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in [[Murcia]], made peace with [[Mohammed I ibn Nasr]], the [[Nasrid dynasty|Sultan of Granada]], and set about collecting funds for a crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour [[Olivier lo Templier]] composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course, and he landed at [[Aigues-Mortes]]. According to the continuator of [[William of Tyre]], he returned via Montpellier ''por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere'' ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a crusade.
James's sons [[Pedro Fernández of Híjar|Pedro Fernández]] and [[Fernán Sánchez]], who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to [[Akko|Acre]], where they arrived in December. They found that [[Baibars]], the [[Mameluke]] Sultan of [[Egypt]], had broken his truce with the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force that had been in [[Galilee]]. James's sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via [[Sicily]], where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by [[Charles of Anjou]].
==Patronage of art, learning, and literature==
[[Image:Jaime I de Aragón 01.jpg|right|170px|thumb|Statue of '''James I''' at the [[Sabatini Gardens]] in [[Madrid]]<br />([[Juan de León|J. León]], 1753).]]
James built and consecrated the [[La Seu Vella|Cathedral of Lleida]], which was constructed in a style transitional between [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] with little influence from [[Islamic architecture|Moorish styles]].<ref name="Chaytor96">Chaytor, 96.</ref>
James was a patron of the [[University of Montpellier]], which owed much of its development to his impetus.<ref name="Chaytor96" /> He also founded a ''[[studium generale|studium]]'' at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from [[Pope Innocent IV]], but it did not develop as splendidly.<ref name="Chaytor96" /> In 1263, James presided over a debate in [[Barcelona]] between the Jewish [[rabbi]] [[Nahmanides]] and [[Pablo Christiani]], a prominent ''[[converso]]''.
James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."<ref name="Chaytor93">Chaytor, 93.</ref> James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life in Catalan, ''[[Llibre dels fets]]'', the first autobiography by a Christian king. As well as being a fine example of autobiography, the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy, examples of loyalty and treachery in the [[feudalism|feudal]] order, and medieval military tactics. More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of [[Catalan people|Catalan]] identity, separate from that of [[Occitania]] and [[Roman Empire|Rome]].
James also wrote the ''[[Libre de la Saviesa]]'' or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors, reaching from the time of [[King Solomon]] to nearly his own time with [[Albertus Magnus]]. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the ''[[Apophthegmata Philosophorum]]'' of [[Honein ben Ishak]], which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.<ref name="Chaytor93" />
Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse.<ref name="Chaytor94">Chaytor, 94.</ref> In consequence of the [[Albigensian Crusade]], many [[troubadour]]s were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor [[Ramon de Penyafort]], James brought the [[Inquisition]] into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the [[Bible]].<ref name="Chaytor94" />
==Succession==
[[File:Momia Jaume I.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Mummified head of James, exhumed in 1856]]
The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his legitimate and illegitimate sons. When one of the latter, [[Fernán Sánchez]], who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason toward his father, was slain by the legitimate son [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter]], the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.
In his will, James divided his states between his sons by [[Violant of Hungary|Yolanda of Hungary]]: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and [[James II of Majorca|James]], the [[Kingdom of Majorca]] (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of [[Roussillon]] and [[Cerdanya]]) and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at [[Alzira, Valencia|Alzira]] and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the [[Poblet Monastery|monastery of Poblet]], but he died at Valencia on 27 July.
His mummified body was later exhumed in 1856, when the monastery was under repair. A photograph of the king was taken. The photograph of the head of the mummy clearly shows the wound in the left eyebrow that the king himself explained in a passage from his [[Llibre dels fets]] (Book of Deeds):
<blockquote>
As I was coming with the men, I happened to turn my head towards the town in order to look at the Saracens, who had come out in great force, when a cross-bowman shot at me, and hit me beside the sun-hood, and the shot struck me on the head, the bolt lighting near the forehead. It was God's will it did not pass through the head, but the point of the arrow went half through it. In anger I struck the arrow so with my hand that I broke it: the blood came out down my face; I wiped it off with a mantle of "sendal" I had, and went away laughing, that the army might not take alarm.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chronicle of James I, King of Aragon, Surnamed The Conqueror|url=http://libro.uca.edu/chronicleofjames/deeds08.pdf|work=Chapter CCLXVI|accessdate=18 October 2012|author=Translated by John Forster|language=Catalan}}</ref></blockquote>
==Marriages and children==
{{House of Barcelona}}
James first married, in 1221, [[Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)|Eleanor]], daughter of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and [[Leonora of England|Eleanor of England]]. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:
* Alfonso (1229–1260), married [[Constance of Béarn]], Viscountess of [[Marsan]]
In 1235, James remarried to [[Violant of Hungary|Yolanda]], daughter of [[Andrew II of Hungary]] by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. She bore him numerous children:
* [[Violant of Aragon|Yolanda]], also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married [[Alfonso X of Castile]]
* [[Constance of Aragon, Lady of Villena|Constance]] (1239–1269), married [[Manuel of Castile]], son of Ferdinand III
* [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter]] (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
* [[James II of Majorca|James]] (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
* Ferdinand (1245–1250)
* Sancha (1246–before 1275), died in the [[Holy Land]].<ref name="(Spain)1956">{{cite book|author=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain)|title=Homenaje a Millás-Vallicrosa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ElUvAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|page=230}}</ref>
* [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabella]] (1248–1271), married [[Philip III of France]]
* Mary (1248–1267), nun
* [[Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo]] (1250–1279)
* Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly [[Teresa Gil de Vidaure]], but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy.
* James (c.1255–1285), lord of [[Xèrica]]
* Peter (1259–1318), lord of [[Ayerbe]]
The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last will as being in the line of succession to the throne, should the senior lines fail.
James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons.
By Blanca d'Antillón:
* [[Fernán Sánchez|Ferran Sanchis]] (or ''Fernando Sánchez''; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:
* Pedro Fernández, baron of [[Híjar]]
By Elvira Sarroca:
* [[Jaume Sarroca]] (born 1248), [[Archbishop of Huesca]]
==Ancestry==
<center>{{Ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''James I of Aragon'''
|2= 2. [[Peter II of Aragon]]
|3= 3. [[Maria of Montpellier]]
|4= 4. [[Alfonso II of Aragon]]
|5= 5. [[Sancha of Castile, Queen of Aragon|Sancha of Castile]]
|6= 6. [[William VIII of Montpellier]]
|7= 7. [[Eudokia Komnene]]
|8= 8. [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona]]
|9= 9. [[Petronilla of Aragon]]
|10= 10. [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]]
|11= 11. [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile|Richeza of Poland]]
|12= 12. [[William VII of Montpellier]]
|13= 13. Matilda of Burgundy
|14= 14. [[Isaac Komnenos (son of John II)|Isaac Komnenos]]
|15= 15. Irene Synadene
|16= 16. [[Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona]]
|17= 17. [[Douce I, Countess of Provence]]
|18= 18. [[Ramiro II of Aragon]]
|19= 19. [[Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon|Agnes of Aquitaine]]
|20= 20. [[Raymond of Burgundy]]
|
|22= 22. [[Władysław II the Exile]]
|23= 23. [[Agnes of Babenberg]]
|24= 24. [[William VI of Montpellier]]
|25= 25. Sibylla
|26= 26. [[Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy]]
|27= 27. Matilda of Mayenne
|28= 28. [[John II Komnenos]]
|29= 29. [[Irene of Hungary]]
|30=
|31=
}}</center>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* Chaytor, H. J. ''[http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm A History of Aragon and Catalonia]''. London: Methuen, 1933.
* ''The book of deeds of James I of Aragon. A translation of the medieval Catalan Libre dels fets''. Trans. Damian Smith and Helen Buffery (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003) (Crusade Texts in Translation, 10.) Pp. xvii + 405 incl. 5 maps.
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=James I. of Aragon}}
==External links==
* libro.uca.edu
** [http://libro.uca.edu/chronicleofjames/chronicle.htm Full online book The Chronicle Of James I Of Aragon]
** [http://libro.uca.edu/worlds/chron.htm The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror – Robert I. Burns, S.J., ed.]
** [http://libro.uca.edu/ck/chron.htm The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia – Robert Ignatius Burns, S.J.]
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_I_Of_Aragon 1911 encyclopedia.org: James I of Aragon]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1232barcelona3.html Medieval Sourcebook:] e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7966537 James I at Find-A-Grave]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1258barcelona4.html The Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/lifetimesofjames00swifuoft The life and times of James the first]
{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Aragon]]|2 February|1208|27 July|1276}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Peter II of Aragon|Peter II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]]<br>[[List of Counts of Barcelona|Count of Barcelona]]|years=1213–1276}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]]}}
|-
{{S-new|rows=2}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Valencian monarchs|King of Valencia]]|years=1238—1276}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Majorca|King of Majorca]]|years=1231–1276}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[James II of Majorca|James II]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Marie of Montpellier|Marie]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lords of Montpellier|Lord of Montpellier]]|years=1219–1276}}
{{End}}
{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = James I of Aragon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = King of Aragon
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 February 1208
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Montpellier]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 27 July 1276
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Valencia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:James 1 Of Aragon}}
[[Category:1208 births]]
[[Category:1276 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Montpellier]]
[[Category:Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Majorca]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Lords of Montpellier]]
[[Category:Medieval child rulers]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantes]]
[[Category:Medieval Catalan-language writers]]
{{Link GA|sr}}
{{Link GA|ca}}
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