Safavideriget: Forskelle mellem versioner
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|hovedstad = [[Tabriz]] (1501-[[1555]])<br />[[Qazvin]] (1555-[[1598]])<br />[[Isfahan]] (1598-1736)
|sprog = *[[Persisk]] (officielt,<ref name="Roemer 189">Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".</ref> møntsystem,<ref name="MatheeIranica">Rudi Matthee, "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavids]" in ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".</ref><ref>Ronald W Ferrier, ''The Arts of Persia''. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.</ref> civil administration,<ref name = "Perry">John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', January 24, 2006: "...written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"</ref> domstol (siden [[Isfahan]] blev hovedstad),<ref name="Cyril Glassé 2003, pg 392"/> høj litteratur,<ref name="Perry"/> litterære,<ref name="MatheeIranica" /><ref>Arnold J. Toynbee, ''A Study of History'', V, pp. 514-15. excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of ''literae humaniores'' by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"</ref> teologisk diskurs<ref name="MatheeIranica"/> diplomatisk korrespondance, belles-lettres (Adab), historieskrivning,<ref name="mazzaoui" /> Domstol-baserede religiøse indlæg<ref>Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, ''Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years'', IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The 'Amili (Lebanese scholars of Shi'i faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shi'i belief."</ref>)
*[[Aserbajdsjansk]] (domstol, højstående religiøse
|religion = [[Shiisme|Shia-islam]]
|styreform = Monarki
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|leder4 = [[Muhammed Khudabanda|Muhammed Khudābanda]]
|leder4år = [[1578]]-[[1587]]
|leder5 = [[Abbas
|leder5år = 1587-[[1629]]
|leder6 = [[Abbas III|'Abbās III]] (sidste)
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}}
'''Safavideriget''' ([[persisk]]: ''دولت صفوی'' eller ''دولت صفویه'', [[Tyrkisk (sprog)|tyrkisk]]: ''Safevî Devleti'', [[Azeri|aserbajdsjansk]]: ''Səfəvilər Dövləti, صفویلر'', [[kurdisk (sprog)|kurdisk]]: ''Dewleta Sefewî'', [[georgisk]]: ''სეფიანთა დინასტია'') var et [[shiisme|shia-muslimsk]] dynasti,
Safaviderne har været den direkte årsag til, at shia-islam i så høj grad er blevet udbredt i store dele af Vestasien og [[Kaukasus]]. Dette var én af grundene til at Safavideriget blev anset som en trussel af det [[sunni-islam|sunnitiske]] [[Osmannerriget|Osmannerrige]], hvilket flere gange har resulteret i krig mellem
Safavideriget havde sin oprindelse i [[Safaviyya]] [[Sufisme|sufiordenen]], som blev etableret i byen [[Ardabil]] i [[Iran]]. Det var af blandet herkomst ([[Kurder|kurdisk]],<ref name="R.M.">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-bazzaz RM Savory. Ebn Bazzaz.] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''</ref> [[Persiske folk|persisk]],<ref name="Minorsky 2009">{{Cite book|last=Minorsky|first=V|contribution=Adgharbaydjan (Azarbaydjan)|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|edition=2nd|editor1-first=P|editor1-last=Berman|editor2-first=Th|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=CE|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=E|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-first=WP|editor5-last=Henrichs|publisher=Brill|url=http://www.encislam.brill.nl/|place=NL|year=2009|quote=After 907/1502, Adharbayjan became the chielf bulwark and rallying ground of the Safawids, themselves natives of Ardabil and originally speaking the local Iranian dialect}}</ref><ref name="Roger M. Savory 1999, p. 259">Roger M. Savory. "Safavids" in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, [[Halil İnalcık]]: ''History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century'', Taylor & Francis. 1999, p. 259: "From the evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century."</ref> aserbajdsjansk,<ref name="fryeiranica">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey "Peoples of Iran"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. RN Frye.</ref> og turkmenere,<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p.321</ref> som omfattede giftermål med georgiske<ref>Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early''. London & New York. IB Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-056-0, pp. 130-1</ref> og græske<ref name="Anthony Bryer 1975">Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29'' (1975), Appendix II - Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond</ref> folk). Fra deres base i Ardabil etablerede Safaviderne kontrol over hele Stor-Iran og på ny bekræftede iransk identitet i regionen,<ref>''Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?'' RM Savory, ''Iran under the Safavids'' (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.</ref> og dermed bliver det første indfødte dynasti siden [[Sassanideriget]] til at etablere en forenet iransk stat.<ref name="AlirezaShahbazi">Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".</ref>▼
▲Safaviderne har været den direkte årsag til, at shia-islam i så høj grad er blevet udbredt i store dele af Vestasien og [[Kaukasus]]. Dette var én af grundene til at Safavideriget blev anset som en trussel af det [[sunni-islam|sunnitiske]] [[Osmannerriget|Osmannerrige]], hvilket flere gange har resulteret i krig mellem dem.
== Baggrund ==
Safaviderigets grundlæggelse var et resultat af [[safaviyya]]-ordenens militarisering siden [[1400-tallet]]. Safaviderne har sit navn fra grundlæggeren af safaviyya-ordenen, [[Safi al-Din|Sheik Safī al-Dīn]] ([[1252]] – [[1334]]). Slægten stammer fra Fīrūz Shāh Zarrīn Kulāh, som var en [[seyyid]] (person, der nedstammer fra [[Profeten Muhammed]]), der flygtede fra [[Yemen]] og bosatte sig i Rangin, [[Iran]] i [[1174]].<ref>Walter Hinz: Uzun Hasan ve Şeyh Cüneyd – XV. Yüzyılda İran'ın Millî bir Devlet Haline Yükselişi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1992, s. 109</ref>
▲
Fra deres base i Ardabil etablerede safaviderne kontrol over hele Storiran og bekræftede på ny en samlet iransk identitet i regionen.<ref>''Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?'' RM Savory, ''Iran under the Safavids'' (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.</ref> Riget blev dermed det første indfødte dynasti siden [[Sassanideriget]] til at etablere en forenet iransk stat.<ref name="AlirezaShahbazi">Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".</ref>
== Shāh Ismā'īl I ==
{{uddybende|Ismail I}}
Med støtte fra sine trofaste tilhængere, [[qizilbash|qizilbāsh'erne]], grundlagde [[Ismail I|Shāh Ismā'īl]] som 14-årig Safavideriget i 1501. I løbet af de næste ti år udvidede han sit riges grænser fra Østanatolien i vest til Khurāsān i øst. Shāh Ismā'īl tabte ikke nogen krige med undtagelse af nederlaget til Osmannerriget i [[1514]], hvilket resulterede i at safaviderne måtte afstå Østanatolien til [[osmanner]]ne. Det lykkedes Shāh Ismā'īl at fastholde resten af rigets grænser til sin død i [[1524]].
== Shāh Tahmāsp I ==
{{uddybende|Tahmasp I}}
[[Tahmasp I|Shāh Tahmāsp]], som hidtil havde været guvernør af [[Herat]], arvede tronen efter sin far Ismā'īls død i 1524. Han regerede til [[1576]] og blev den længst herskende
Tiden under Shāh Tahmāsp var præget af angreb fra både vest og øst. Osmannerne angreb Safavideriget fire gange under [[Süleyman 1.|Suleimān I]] og [[Usbekistan|usbekerne]] angreb de østlige provinser fem gange. Det betød at Safavideriget mistede territorium i [[Irak]] og at Tahmāsp blev nødt til at flytte hovedstaden fra [[Tabriz]] til [[Qazvin]]. I [[1555]] indgik Tahmāsp [[Amasya]]-traktaten med Osmannerriget; det satte en stopper for
Efter Tahmāsps død var der strid mellem qizilbāsh-soldaterne om, hvem der skulle lede riget. Det førte til at [[Ismail II|Ismā'īl II]] kom på tronen (1576-[[1577]]) og efter ham [[Muhammed Khudabanda|Muhammad Khudābanda]] ([[1578]]-[[1587|87]]).
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{{uddybende|Abbas I af Persien}}
Safavideriget fandt igen styrke under [[Abbas I af Persien|Shah ‘Abbās I]]. Han erkendte, at den safavidiske hær, som havde lidt nederlag de seneste år, var blevet ineffektiv. Derfor reorganiserede han den, så den levede op til tidens standard. Det betød, at han måtte distancere sig fra qizilbāsh-soldaterne, som efterhånden havde tilegnet sig magt. Qizilbāsh'erne i administrationen og militæret blev gradvist skiftet ud med de nye og mere loyale ''ghulām'er'' (slaver), som var tjerkessiske, [[Georgien|georgiske]] og [[Armenierne|armenske]] soldater, som var konverteret til [[islam]].
Fra [[1598]] til [[1623]] lykkedes
== Nedgang ==
Herskerne efter 'Abbās I var, bortset fra [[Abbas 2. af Persien|Abbas II]], unyttige ledere, hvoraf nogle ikke viste særlig interesse for at styre landet. Det betød at Safavideriget efter 'Abbās II's død i [[1666]] blev præget af stigende svaghed.
Det kulminerede i [[1722]], hvor afghaneren Mir Māhmud Hotaki ([[1697]]-[[1725]]) væltede shahen, [[Sultan Husayn|Sultān Husayn]] ([[1668]]-[[1726]]). Fra 1722 til 1729 blev Safavideriget ''[[de facto]]'' ledet af afghanske hotakier.
I 1729 lykkedes det den safavidiske [[Tahmasp II|Tahmāsp II]] at få magt over det meste af landet, men han blev i [[1732]] afsat af kommandør [[Nadir Shah|Nāder Khān]], som gjorde Tahmāsp II's søn [[Abbas III|'Abbās III]] til konge. Selv om 'Abbās II officielt var konge, var det egentlig Nāder Khān som regerede landet indtil 1736, hvor han kronede sig selv som konge og gjorde en ende på det safavidiske dynasti.
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