Birmingham: Forskelle mellem versioner

'''Birmingham''' er en by og storbyområde i [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]], med {{WD indbyg1/år/text|ref=ja}} indbyggere, hvilket gør det til den næststørste by i [[Storbritannien]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Planning-and-Regeneration%2FPageLayout&cid=1223096353755&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |title=Population and Census |publisher=Birmingham City Council |date=7. Julyjuli 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126101950/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Planning-and-Regeneration%2FPageLayout&cid=1223096353755&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |archivedate=26. Novembernovember 2015 |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="ONS-2001-2011_census">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-england-and-wales---unrounded-figures-for-the-data-published-16-july-2012/rft-1-2-ew-fact-file.xls|title=2011 Census: Population and household estimates fact file, unrounded estimates, local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 708Kb)|accessdate=30. Decemberdecember 2013|date=24. Septemberseptember 2012|format=xls|publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref><ref name="BUA2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| work= | publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=4. Julyjuli 2013}}</ref><ref name="BrookingsMetroEconomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global MetroMonitor |accessdate=23. Decemberdecember 2013 |last1=Istrate |first1=Emilia |last2=Nadeau |first2=Carey Anne |date=November 2012 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=The Brookings Institution |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4. Junejuni 2013}}</ref> Den er centrum for [[West Midlands konurbation]], som er det tredje mest befolkede område i Storbritannien med en estimeret population på 2.440.986 i 2011.<ref name="BUAR2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census - Built-up areas| work= | publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=4. Julyjuli 2013}}</ref> The wider [[List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom|Birmingham metropolitan area]] is the second largest in the United Kingdom, with a population of 3.7 million. Birmingham is frequently referred to as the second city of England.<ref>{{cite web |title=England’s second city: Birmingham |url=http://www.britain-magazine.com/carousel/birmingham-englands-second-city/ |publisher=Britain Magazine |accessdate=11. Junejuni 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nation’s ‘second city’, Birmingham, is UK’s fastest growing regional tourist destination, according to figures |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/smallbusiness/article-3287741/Nation-s-second-city-Birmingham-UK-s-fastest-growing-regional-tourist-destination-according-figures.html |publisher=This is Money |accessdate=11. Junejuni 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An ode to Birmingham: how can the UK's second city fix its image problem? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/12/ode-to-birmingham-britain-second-city |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=11. Junejuni 2018}}</ref>

Den affødte høje grad af [[social mobilitet]] fostrede også en kultur med [[politisk radikalisering]] under ledere som [[Thomas Attwood (økonom)|Thomas Attwood]] og [[Joseph Chamberlain]], der fik stor politisk indflydelse, som ikke blev set andre steder i Storbritannien uden for [[London]], og de fik afgørende betydning for udviklignen af det britiske demokrati.<ref>{{harvnb|Ward|2005|loc=jacket|quote=Such a firm basis of local support enabled political leaders, from Thomas Attwood to Neville Chamberlain, to exert leverage in national politics. No provincial city had a greater influence on the shaping of British democracy and on the governance of the British state than Birmingham.}}; {{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Asa|authorlink=Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs|title=Victorian Cities|origyear=1965|year=1990|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=0-14-013582-0|pages=185; 187–189}}; {{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Roy|authorlink=Roy Jenkins|title=Twelve cities: a personal memoir|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UBmWDk5V9BAC|accessdate=2. Octoberoktober 2011|year=2004|publisher=Pan Macmillan|location=London|isbn=0-330-49333-7|pages=50–51}}</ref> Fra sommeren 1940 og frem til foråret 1943 blev Birmingham voldsomt bombet af det [[Luftwaffe|tyske Luftwaffe]] under [[anden verdenskrig]], under det som nu er kendt som [[Birmingham Blitz]]. Ødelæggelserne i byens infrastruktur samt den overlagte politik om at nedrive og opføre nye bygninger i stedet ledte til en stor [[byfornyelse]] i de efterfølgende årtier.

Birminghams er i dag domineret af [[servicesektor]]en.<ref name="nomisweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157186/report.aspx#tabjobs|title=Employee jobs (2012)|accessdate=29. Marchmarts 2014|work=Nomis – official labour market statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> Byen er et stort international kommercielt centrum, og er rangeret som en gamma+ [[verdensby]] af [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]];<ref name="TheWorld">{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|title=The World According to GaWC 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Globalization and World Cities Research Network|accessdate=5. Maymaj 2017}}</ref> og det er et vigtig sted for transport, handel, events og konferencer. Det er metropoløkonomi og den næststørste i Storbritannien med et [[GDP]] på $121.1 mia. (2014),<ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2014 |publisher=Brookings Institution |accessdate=18. Novembernovember 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archivedate=4. Junejuni 2013}}</ref> og byens seks universiteter gør den til det største uddannelsescentrum for [[videregående uddannelse]]r uden for London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0809.xls?v=1.0 |title=Table 0 – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study and domicile 2008/09 |accessdate=31. Januaryjanuar 2011 |publisher=Higher education Statistics Agency }}; {{cite web|url=http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/09-12-17%20Birmingham%20University%20Challenge.pdf |title=University Challenge: Growing the Knowledge Economy in Birmingham |accessdate=11. Novembernovember 2013 |last=Aldred |first=Tom |year=2009 |format=PDF |location=London |publisher=Centre for Cities |page=12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111215357/http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/09-12-17%20Birmingham%20University%20Challenge.pdf |archivedate=11. Novembernovember 2013 |df= }}</ref> Birminghams store kulturinstitutioner – [[City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra]], [[Birmingham Royal Ballet]], [[Birmingham Repertory Theatre]], [[Library of Birmingham]] og[[Barber Institute of Fine Arts]] – nyder alle et internationalt ry,<ref>{{cite news|first=Fiona |last=Maddocks |title=Andris Nelsons, magician of Birmingham |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jun/06/andris-nelsons-conductor-cbso-city-culture-2013?cat=music&type=article |work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=6. Junejuni 2010 |accessdate=31. Januaryjanuar 2011 |location=London }}; {{cite news|first=Debra |last=Craine |title=Birmingham Royal Ballet comes of age |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/dance/article7036522.ece |work=The Times |publisher=Times Newspapers |date=23. Februaryfebruar 2010 |accessdate=31. Januaryjanuar 2011 }}; {{cite web|url=http://www.johansens.com/england/birmingham/the-barber-institute-of-fine-arts |title=The Barber Institute of Fine Arts |accessdate=31. Januaryjanuar 2011 |work=Johansens |publisher=Condé Nast |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703140935/http://www.johansens.com/england/birmingham/the-barber-institute-of-fine-arts |archivedate=3. Julyjuli 2011 |df= }}</ref> og byen har en levende og indflydelsesrig græsrodsbevægelse inden for kunst, musik, litteratur og gastronomi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Price|first=Matt|year=2008|title=A Hitchhiker' s Guide to the Gallery – Where to see art in Birmingham and the West Midlands|location=London|publisher=Arts Co|url=http://www.arts-co.com/assets/pdfs/MattPrice.pdf|accessdate=11. Novembernovember 2013}}; {{cite news|first=Alison|last=King|title=Forget Madchester, it's all about the B-Town scene|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/forget-madchester-its-all-about-the-btown-scene-8207631.html|work=The Independent|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=13. Octoberoktober 2012|accessdate=11. Novembernovember 2013|location=London}}; {{Cite news|last=Segal|first=Francesca|title=Why Birmingham rules the literary roost|newspaper=The Observer|publication-place=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media|publicationdate=3 August 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/03/bookerprize.history|accessdate=11. Novembernovember 2013}}; {{cite news|first=Lobrano|last=Alexander|title=Birmingham, England – Could England's second city be first in food?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/travel/45-places-to-go-in-2012.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|newspaper=New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=6. Januaryjanuar 2012|accessdate=31. Decemberdecember 2013}}</ref> Birmingham er den fjerde mest besøgte by blandt udenlandske gæster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ott/travel-trends/2014/rpt-travel-trends--2014.html#tab-Overseas-residents--visits-to-the-UK|title=Travel Trends, 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

Birminghams to professionelle fodboldklubber er [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]] og [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], hvoraf den sidste har haft størst sycces med syv ligatitler og én [[UEFA Champions League|europæisk]]. Birmingham er blevet udvalgt til [[2022 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-40334223|title=Stadium expansion at heart of 2022 bid|date=20. Junejuni 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>

Personer fra Birmingham kaldes [[Brummie]]s, hvilket er et term, der er afledt af byens kælenavn "Brum", der stammer fra byens gamle navn, [[Brummagem]]. Dette navn menes at være afledt fra "Bromwich-ham".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-bru2.htm |title= Brummagem |publisher=Worldwidewords.com |date=13. Decemberdecember 2003 |accessdate=7. Junejuni 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=William|last=Hutton |title=An History of Birmingham |year=1783 }}</ref>

Birmingham er hjem for fem universiteter: [[Aston University]], [[University of Birmingham]], [[Birmingham City University]], [[University College Birmingham]] and [[Newman University, Birmingham|Newman University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Universities in Birmingham|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=SystemAdmin%2FCFPageLayout&cid=1223092631015&packedargs=website%3D4&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FCFWrapper&rendermode=live|website=birmingham.gov.uk|publisher=Birmingham City Council|accessdate=20. Decemberdecember 2014}}</ref> Byen rummer [[campus]]er for [[University of Law]] og [[BPP University]], samt [[Open University]]s West Midlands baserede uddannelse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.open.ac.uk/contact/details.aspx?contactid=4|title=The Open University in the West Midlands|accessdate=24. Februaryfebruar 2013|publisher=The Open University|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210010021/http://www3.open.ac.uk/contact/details.aspx?contactid=4|archivedate=10. Decemberdecember 2012}}</ref> I 2011 var der 78.259 fuldtidsstuderende i alderen 18-74 år, som boede i byen, hvilket var mere end nogen anden by i Storbritannien uden for London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-2/rft-ks501uk.xls|title=2011 Census: KS501UK Qualifications and students, local authorities in the United Kingdom (Excel sheet 293Kb)|accessdate=29. Marchmarts 2014|date=4. Decemberdecember 2013|work=2011 Census, Key Statistics and Quick Statistics for local authorities in the United Kingdom – Part 2|publisher=Office for National Statistics }}</ref> Birmingham har 32.690 [[forskning]]sstuderende ([[ph.d.]], [[postdoc]] mv.), hvilket ligeledes er det største for noget sted i landen uden for London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/09-12-17%20Birmingham%20University%20Challenge.pdf |title=University Challenge: Growing the Knowledge Economy in Birmingham |accessdate=20. Aprilapril 2014 |last=Aldred |first=Tom |year=2009 |format=PDF |location=London |publisher=Centre for Cities |page=12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111215357/http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/09-12-17%20Birmingham%20University%20Challenge.pdf |archivedate=11. Novembernovember 2013 |df= }}</ref>

[[Birmingham Business School]], der blev etableret af [[William Ashley (økonomihistorikern)|Sir William Ashley]] i 1902, er den ældste [[handelshøjskole]] i Storbritannien.<ref>{{cite news|title=Birmingham Business School|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/business-schools/birmingham-business-school-1206244.html|work=The Independent |date=12. Decemberdecember 2010|accessdate=5. Novembernovember 2011|location=London}}</ref> Andre vigtige handelsskoler i byen er [[Aston Business School]], der er én blandt de mindre end 1 % af verdens handelsskoler der har [[triple accreditation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guardian.uk.studylink.com/display/provider/provider-info.html?pid=pid-si-20-ast |title=Aston Business School |accessdate=26. Januaryjanuar 2008 |work=EducationGuardian.co.uk |publisher=StudyLink |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716160108/http://guardian.uk.studylink.com/display/provider/provider-info.html?pid=pid-si-20-ast |archivedate=16. Julyjuli 2011 |df= }}</ref> og [[Birmingham City Business School]]. [[Birmingham Conservatoire]], [[Birmingham School of Acting]] og [[Birmingham Institute of Art and Design]] er nu alle en del af Birmingham City University, og de tilbyder videregående uddannelser inden for musik, skuespil og kunst.

Birmingham har to stor offentlig kunstsamlinger. [[Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery]] er bedst kendt [[Prærafaelitter|prærafaellitiske]] værker, en samling "af enestående betydning".<ref name="fisher-BMAG">{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Fisher (politician)|title=Britain's Best Museums and Galleries: From the Greatest Collections to the Smallest Curiosities|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=0-14-101960-3|pages=208–210|chapter=Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery}}</ref> Det har også en vigtig samling af [[gamle mestre]] – inklusive store værker af [[Giovanni Bellini|Bellini]], [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Canaletto]] og [[Claude Lorrain|Claude]] – og særligt en stor samling af 1600-tals italienske barokmalerier og engelske [[akverel]]ler.<ref name="fisher-BMAG"/> Dets designsamling inkluderer nogle af Europas vigtigste samlinger af [[keramik]] og metalarbejder.<ref name="fisher-BMAG"/> [[Barber Institute of Fine Arts]] i [[Edgbaston]] er et af de fineste små kunstgallerier i verden,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johansens.com/england/midlands/the-barber-institute-of-fine-arts|title=The Barber Institute of Fine Arts|accessdate=20. Septemberseptember 2010|work=Johansens|publisher=Condé Nast}}{{Dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> med en samling af vestlig kunst fra 1200-tallet og frem til i dag.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Fisher (politician)|title=Britain's Best Museums and Galleries: From the Greatest Collections to the Smallest Curiosities|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|isbn=0-14-101960-3|pages=205–207|chapter=Barber Institute of Fine Arts}}</ref>

[[Birmingham Museums Trust]] driver andre museer i byen inklusive [[Aston Hall]], [[Blakesley Hall]], [[Museum of the Jewellery Quarter]], [[Soho House]] og [[Sarehole Mill]]. [[Birmingham Back to Backs]] er den sidst tilbageværende gård med [[back-to-back]]-huse i byen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ELibrary?E_LIBRARY_ID=93&a=1157290087529 |title=Back to back in Birmingham |publisher=Birmingham City Council |format=PDF |accessdate=7. Junejuni 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222433/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ELibrary?E_LIBRARY_ID=93&a=1157290087529 |archivedate=30. Septemberseptember 2007 }}</ref> [[Cadbury World (Birmingham)|Cadbury World]] er et museum, hvor besøgende kan se nærmere på [[chokolade]]produktion, [[chokoladens historie]] og [[Cadbury|firmaet selv]]. [[Ikon Gallery]] har udstillinger af moderne kunst og det samme gælder [[Eastside Projects]].

[[Thinktank (Birmingham)|Thinktank]] er Birminghams primære [[Teknisk museum|tekniske museum]] der rummer et stort biograflærred, et [[planetarium]] og en samling der inkluderer ''[[Smethwick Engine]]'', verdens ældste [[dampmaskine]] der stadig fungerer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewboulton2009.org/index.php/gallery/33-the-smethwick-engine |title=The Smethwick Engine |accessdate=19. Septemberseptember 2010 |publisher=The Boulton 2009 Partnership |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072103/http://www.matthewboulton2009.org/index.php/gallery/33-the-smethwick-engine |archivedate=27. Julyjuli 2011 }}</ref> Andre tekniske museer inkluderer [[National Sea Life Centre (Birmingham)|National Sea Life Centre]] i [[Brindleyplace]], [[Lapworth Museum of Geology]] ved [[University of Birmingham]] og [[Centre of the Earth]] i [[Winson Green]].