Muslimske erobring af Iran: Forskelle mellem versioner
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{{Infoboks militær konflikt
|konflikt = Muslimske erobring af Persien
|delaf = [[Islamiske ekspansion]]
|billede = IslamicConquestsIroon.png
|billede_størrelse = 300px
|billedtekst = Kort over Persien og de omgivende regioner ved den muslimske invasions begyndelse
|dato = 633–654<ref>Pourshariati (2008), pp. 469</ref>
|sted = [[Mesopotamien]], [[Kaukasus]], [[Persien]] og [[Stor-Khorasan]]
|koordinater =
|casus =
|territorium = [[Sassaniderigets fald]] <br/> Opblomstringen af flere dynastier i [[Tabaristan]]
|resultat = Afgørende Rashidun-sejr
|status =
|part1 =
{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} '''[[Sassanideriget]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Kaukasisk Albanien]] (633–636)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Arabiske kristne]] (633–637)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Kanarang|Kanārangīyāns]] (633–651)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Huset Ispahbudhan]] (633–651)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Heftalitterne]] (651–654)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Huset Mihran]] (633–651)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Huset Karen]] (633–654)<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Dabuyiderne]] (642–651)
|part2 =
{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} '''[[Rashidunkalifatet]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Kanarang|Kanārangīyāns]] (efter 651)
|fører1 =
{{List collapsed|title=''Se liste''|1={{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} '''[[Yazdegerd 3.]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Rostam Farrokhzad]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Mahbudhan<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Huzail ibn Imran<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Hormozd Jadhuyih]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Anoshagan{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Andarzaghar]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Bahman Jadhuyih]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Piruz Khosrow]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Jaban<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mihran Bahram-i Chubin]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Hormuzan]]{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mardanshah]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Bahram<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Isfandiyar (Sasanian commander)|Isfandiyar]] {{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Jalinus]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mihran Razi]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Nakhiragan<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Azadbeh]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Farrukhzad]] {{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Siyavakhsh]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Shahriyar bin Kanara{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Busbuhra]]{{DOW}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Shahriyar of Derbent]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Farrukbandadh{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Grigor{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mihran-i Hamadani]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Karin{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mushegh 3. Mamikonian|Mushegh 3.]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Varaztirots{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Muta (Dailamite)|Muta]] {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Narsi]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Tiruyih<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Kanadbak]] {{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Ruzbih {{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Shirzad<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mardanshah of Damavand]] {{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Javanshir]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Burzin Shah]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Mahoe Suri]]{{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} Shahriyar<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Siyah al-Uswari]] {{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Aparviz of Sistan|Aparviz]]{{surrender}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Shahrag]]{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Faylakan]]<br />{{flagicon image|Derafsh Kaviani.png}} [[Yazdanfar]]{{surrender}}}}
|fører2 =
{{List collapsed|title=''Se liste''|1={{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} '''[[Abu Bakr]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} '''[[Umar|Umar 1.]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib|Ali]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Muthana ibn Haris<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Abu Ubaid{{KIA}}<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Saad ibn Abi Waqqas]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Zuhra ibn Al-Hawiyya<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Hashim ibn Uthba<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Qa’qa ibn Amr<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Abu Musa Ashaari]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Ammar ibn Yasir]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Nouman ibn Muqarrin]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Mugheera ibn Shuba]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Usman ibn Abi al-Aas<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} Asim ibn Amr<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Ahnaf ibn Qais]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Abdullah ibn Aamir]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Bukayr ibn Abdallah]]<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Kanadbak]] (efter 651)<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Busbuhra]] (kortvarigt)<br />{{flagicon image|Black flag.svg}} [[Farrukhzad]] (kun i [[Slaget ved Ray|Ray]]) }}
|enheder1 =
|enheder2 =
|styrke1 =
|styrke2 =
|tab1 =
|tab2 =
|tab3 =
|noter =
|landkort =
|bredde =
|længdeg =
|kortbredde =
|billedtekst2 =
|kampagneboks =
}}
{{Magthavere i Iran}}
Den '''muslimske erobring af Persien''', også kendt som den '''arabiske erobring af Iran''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii|title=ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran|work=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> førte til [[Sassanideriget]]s [[Sassaniderigets fald|fald]] i 651 og tilbagegangen for den [[Zoroastrianisme|zoroastriske]] religion i [[Iran]].
[[Muslim]]ernes fremkomst faldt sammen med en [[Sassaniderigets fald|anseelig politisk, social, økonomisk og militær svaghed i Persien]]. [[Sassanideriget]], der var en tidligere stormagt, havde udtømt sine mandskabsmæssige og materielle ressourcer efter [[Byzantinsk–sassanidiske krig (602–628)|flere årtier med krige]] mod det [[Byzantinske Rige]]. Den interne politiske situation blev hastigt forværret efter henrettelsen af kong [[Khosrau 2.]] 28. februar 628. Efterfølgende blev ti nye efterfølgere kronet i løbet af fire år, hvilket illustrerede Sassaniderigets politiske ustabilitet i tiden umiddelbart før den muslimske invasion.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch: 1 ISBN 978-0-19-597713-4</ref>
[[Arabiske muslimer]] angreb for første gang sassanidisk territorium i 633, da general [[Khalid ibn Walid]] invaderede [[Mesopotamien]] (den sassanidiske provins ''[[Asōristān]]''; det der i dag er [[Irak]]), som var Sassaniderigets politiske og økonomiske centrum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLY4GML3GBoC&pg=PA180 |title=Between Memory and Desire|work=google.nl}}</ref> Efter Khalid blev forflyttet til den byzantinske front i [[Levanten]] mistede muslimerne dog igen deres erobringer i de sassanidiske modangreb. Den anden invasion begyndte i 636 under [[Saad ibn Abi Waqqas]], da en afgørende sejr i [[Slaget ved al-Qādisiyyah]] førte til at Sassanideriget permanent mistede kontrollen med den vestlige del af Iran. [[Zagrosbjergene]] blev derefter en naturlig grænse mellem [[Rashidunkalifatet]] og Sassanideriget. Efter vedvarende persiske plyndringstogter i området beordrede [[Umar|kalif Umar]] i 642 en fuld invasion af Sassaniderne, hvilket resulterede i den totale erobring af Sassanideriget omkring 651.{{cref|a}} Den hastige erobring af Iran i en række velkoordinerede og flerstrengede angreb blev koordineret af Umar fra sit hovedsæde i [[Medina]], mere end 1600 km fra fronten, og bidrog til hans omdømme som værende en stor militær og politisk strateg.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
I 651 var de fleste bycentre i de iranske lande, med undtagelse af de kaspiske provinser ([[Tabaristan]]) og [[Transoxanien]], blevet indtaget af de arabisk-muslimske erobrere. Efter store problemer med voldelige oprør blev de nyerobrede områder underlagt total islamisk kontrol. Islamiseringen af landet gik langsomt, blandt andet pga. de mange oprør, [[Zoroastrianisme|zoroastriske]] skrifter blev brændt og mange præster henrettet.<ref>(Balāḏori, Fotuḥ, p. 421; Biruni, Āṯār, p. 35)</ref> Af politiske og økonomiske grunde, såvel som for at undgå overfald og afpresning, konverterede de fleste [[persere]] med tiden til islam, omend de holdt fast i deres egen identitet ved at beholde deres [[persisk (sprog)|persiske sprog]] og [[Irans kultur|kultur]], og ved den sene Middelalder var islam blevet den dominerende religion i regionen.<ref>Mohammad Mohammadi Malayeri, ''Tarikh-i Farhang-i Iran'' (Iran's Cultural History). 4 volumes. Tehran. 1982.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb |authorlink=Abdolhossein Zarinkoob |title=Dū qarn-i sukūt : sarguz̲asht-i ḥavādis̲ va awz̤āʻ-i tārīkhī dar dū qarn-i avval-i Islām (Two Centuries of Silence) |location=Tihrān |publisher=Sukhan |year=2000 |origyear=1379 |oclc=46632917}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=ʻAbdolhossein Zarrinkoob |publisher=AuthorHouse. |location=Bloomington, USA |edition=1st ed. 2016 |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-52462-253-4 |title=Two Centuries of Silence) translated by Avid Kamgar |deadurl=no}}</ref>
== Henvisninger ==
{{reflist}}
== Kilder ==
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* {{cite book |title=The History of Iran |last=Daniel |first=Elton |authorlink=Elton Daniel |year=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location= |isbn=978-0-313-30731-7 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |title=The Early Islamic Conquests |last=Donner |first=Fred |authorlink=Fred Donner |year=1981 |publisher=Princeton |location= |isbn=978-0-691-05327-1 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Morony |first=M. |author= |authorlink= Michael G. Morony |editor= |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] |title=Arab Conquest of Iran |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii |accessdate= |language= |edition= |year=1987 |publisher= |volume= 2, ANĀMAKA – ĀṮĀR AL-WOZARĀʾ |location= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref= }}
* {{cite book |title=The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna |last=Sicker |first=Martin |authorlink=Martin Sicker |year=2000 |publisher=Praeger |location= |isbn=978-0-275-96892-2 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |title=Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in [[Iran]], the [[Kaukasus|Caucasus]], [[Centralasien|Central Asia]], [[Indien |India]] and Early [[Det Osmanniske Rige |Ottoman Turkey]] |last1=Spuler |first1=Bertold |authorlink1=Bertold Spuler|first2=M. Ismail |author2=[[M. Ismail Marcinkowski]] (translator)|author3= [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth]] (foreword) |year=2003 |publisher= Pustaka Nasional |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9971-77-488-2 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book |title=Ruzgaran: tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi |last=Zarrin'kub |first=Abd al-Husayn |authorlink= Abdolhossein Zarinkoob|year=1999 |publisher=Sukhan |location= |isbn=978-964-6961-11-1 |page= |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}
* {{cite book | title = Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire | year = 2009 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Daryaee| first = Touraj | authorlink = Touraj Daryaee | pages = 1–240 | isbn = 0857716662 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=LU0BAwAAQBAJ |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Greatrex|first=Geoffrey|last2=Lieu|first2=Samuel N. C.|title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)|location=New York, New York and London, United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|year=2002|isbn=0-415-14687-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc8iAQAAIAAJ|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Zarrinkub | first = Abd al-Husain | authorlink = | chapter = The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath | pages = 1–57 | isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&hl=da&source=gbs_navlinks_s|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran | last = Morony | first = M. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 | pages = 203–210 | location = | publisher = | year = 1986 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Peter|title=The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500|location=|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|year=1993|isbn=9788772892597|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=ebB_ac13v3UC&dq=false|pages= 1–351|ref=harv}}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Shapur Shahbazi | first = A. | title = SASANIAN DYNASTY | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty | year = 2005 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition | accessdate = 3. april 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Sīstān | first = Clifford Edmund | last = Bosworth | authorlink = | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze | location=Leiden, and New York | publisher=BRILL | year=1997 | isbn=9789004082656 | pages = 681–685 | url =http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/sistan-SIM_5452?s.num=247&s.rows=100&s.start=180 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | title = The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran’s National History: On the Margins of Historiography | year = 2015 | publisher = BRILL | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Gazerani| first = Saghi | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–250 | isbn = 9789004282964 | url = https://books.google.dk/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&dq=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = SISTĀN ii. In the Islamic period | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sistan-ii-islamic-period | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2011 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
*Marshak, B.I., and N.N. Negmatov. "Sogdiana." ''History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750.'' Eds. B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1996. ISBN 92-3-103211-9
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period | last = A. K. S. | first = Lambton | authorlink = | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fars-iii | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 4 | pages = 337–341 | location = | publisher = | year = 1999 | isbn = |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | article = Collapse of Sasanian Power in Fars | last = Daryaee | first = Touraj | authorlink = Touraj Daryaee | encyclopedia = | publisher = California State University | location = Fullerton, California | year = | isbn = | pages = 3–18 | url = https://www.academia.edu/956827/Collapse_of_Sasanian_Power_in_Fars|ref=harv}}
== Eksterne henvisninger ==
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_conquest/islamic_conquest.php History of Iran: Islamic Conquest] fra Iran Chamber Society.
* [http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebe#644 The Arab conquests] på History World.
* [http://www.meccabooks.com/Categories/729-muslim-conquest-of-persia-9780954866532.html Muslim Conquest of Persia] på Mecca Books.
[[Kategori:Irans historie]]
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