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{{Infoboks militær konflikt
|konflikt = Angreb på Nordamerika
|delaf = [[2. verdenskrig]]
|billede =
|
|dato = [[1939]]-[[1945]]
|sted = [[
|resultat =
|part1
|part2 = ''[[
|fører1 =
|fører2 =
|kampagneboks = {{Angreb på Nordamerika}}
{{Stillehavskrigen}}
{{Slaget om Atlanten (1939-1945)}}
}}
'''Angreb på Nordamerika under [[2. verdenskrig]]''' var et mindre operationsområde, hovedsageligt på grund af kontinentets [[geografi]]ske adskillelse fra de centrale krigskuepladser i [[Europa]] og [[Asien]]. Denne artikel indeholder angreb på fastland (indtil 370 km eller 200 sømil i havet), der i dag er under suverænitet af [[USA]], [[Canada]] og [[Mexico]], men udelukker militære kampe, i det [[Danmark|danske]] territorium [[Grønland]] (se [[Grønlands historie#2. verdenskrig|Grønland under 2. verdenskrig]]), på [[Hawaii]] (se [[Angrebet på Pearl Harbor]]) og [[Aleuterne]] (se [[Slaget om Aleuterne]]).
==
===
==== Slaget ved Río de la Plata ====
{{hovedartikel|Slaget ved Río de la Plata}}
[[Fil:Admiral Graf Spee Flames.jpg|right|thumb|''Admiral Graf Spee'' brænder og sunker ud for Montevideo.]]
Den første søslag under krigen blev udkæmpet den [[13. december]] [[1939]] ud for [[Sydamerika]]s Atlanterhavskyst. Det tyske "[[Deutschland-klassen|lommeslagskib]]" [[Admiral Graf Spee]] (der fungerede som handelsraider) mødte en af de britiske styrker der søgte efter den. Gruppen af tre [[krydser]]e fra [[Royal Navy]], [[HMS Exeter|HMS ''Exeter'']], [[HMS Ajax|''Ajax'']] og [[HMS Achilles|''Achilles'']], var på patrulje ud for [[Río de la Plate]]s udmunding ved [[Argentina]] og [[Uruguay]]. I en blodig kamp slog ''Graf Spee'' i første omgang de britiske angreb tilbage, men den tyske [[kaptajn]] [[Hans Langsdorff]] søgte tilflugt i det neutral Uruguay. Langsdorff blev narret til at tro, at en overlegen britisk styrke ventede på havet og han sænkede sit skib ved [[Montevideo]] i stedet for at konfrontere kamp eller internering. Tyskerne mistede deres skib og 96 dræbte eller sårede, og deres modstandere led 72 dræbt og 28 såret sammen med to beskadigede skibe.<ref>O'Hara, s. 7-9</ref>
=== Tyske landgange i USA ===
[[Fil:Fbi duquesne.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]], filfoto fra [[FBI]].]]
====
{{hovedartikel|Duquesne-spionringen}}
Allerede før krigen var en stor nazistisk spion ring fundet, der opererede i USA. ''Duquesne-spionringen'' er stadig den største spionagesag i USA's historie, der har endt i straffesager. De 33 tyske agenter, der dannede Duquesne-spionringen var placeret i centrale job i USA for at få oplysninger, der kunne bruges i tilfælde af krig og til at udføre sabotage. En mand åbnede en restaurant og brugte sin position til at få oplysninger fra sine kunder, og en anden arbejdede på et flyselskab, så han kunne rapportere allierede skibe der krydsede Atlanterhavet, mens andre i ringen arbejdede som postmænd, så de kunne levere hemmelige beskeder ved siden af normale beskeder. Ringen blev ledet af kaptajn [[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]], en sydafrikansk [[Boer]], der spionerede for Tyskland i de begge verdenskrige og er bedst kendt som "Manden der dræbte [[Horatio Kitchener|Kitchener]]", efter at han blev tildelt [[Jernkorset]] for sin hovedrolle i sabotage og forliset af ''[[HMS Hampshire (1903)|HMS Hampshire]]'' i [[1916]].<ref name="clementwood">{{kilde bog |efternavn=Wood |fornavn=Clement |titel=The man who killed Kitchener; the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne |år=1932 |udgiver=William Faro, inc |sted=New York |id= |sprog=engelsk}}</ref> [[William G. Sebold]], en [[dobbeltagent]] for USA, var en afgørende faktor i FBI's sucessfulde løsning af sagen. I næsten to år, kørte Sebold en radiostation i New York for ringen, der gav FBI værdifulde information om hvad Tyskland sendte til sine spioner i USA samtidig med den kontrollerede informationen, der blev sendt til Tyskland. Den [[29. juni]] 1941, afsluttede FBI sagen, ved at rykke ind. Alle 33 spioner blev anholdt, fundet skyldige og dømt til samlet mere end 300 år i fængsel.
====Operation ''Pastorius''====
{{Main|Operation Pastorius}}
Upon declaring war on the United States, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the remaining German [[saboteur]]s to wreak havoc on the country. The responsibility for carrying this out was given to German Intelligence ([[Abwehr]]). In June 1942, eight agents were recruited and divided into two teams: the first, commanded by [[George John Dasch]], with [[Ernst Peter Burger]], Heinrich Heinck and Richard Quirin; the second, under the command of Edward Kerling, with Hermann Neubauer, Werner Thiel and Herbert Haupt.
On June 12, 1942, the [[U-boat]] ''U-202'' landed Dasch's team with explosives and plans at [[Amagansett, New York|East Hampton]], [[Long Island]], New York.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.spectacle.org/yearzero/tribunal.html
|title=Military Tribunals
Line 107 ⟶ 45:
All eight German agents were tried, convicted by the Military Commission, with six men sentenced to death. President Roosevelt approved the sentences. The constitutionality of the military commissions was upheld by the Supreme Court in [[Ex parte Quirin]] and the six men were executed by electrocution on August 8. Dasch and Burger were given thirty-year prison sentences. Both were released in 1948 and deported to Germany.<ref>{{Citation
|url=
|title=Agents delivered by U-boat
|publisher=uboatwar.net
|accessdate=2007-12-09 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051104050405/http://www.uboatwar.net/1ufbkagents.htm |archivedate = 2005-11-04}} (from internet archive)</ref> Dasch (aka George Davis), who had been a longtime American resident before the war, suffered a difficult life in Germany after his return from U.S. custody because of his cooperation with U.S. authorities. As a condition of his deportation, he was not permitted to return to the United States, even though he spent many years writing letters to prominent American authorities (J. Edgar Hoover, President Eisenhower, etc.) seeking permission to return. He eventually moved to Switzerland and wrote a book, titled ''Eight Spies Against America''.
|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1970/3/1970_3_66.shtml
|title=The spies who came in from the sea
Line 121 ⟶ 59:
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>
====
In 1944 there was another attempt at infiltration, codenamed ''[[Operation Elster]]'' ("Magpie"). Elster involved [[Erich Gimpel]] and German
===
====
At about the same time as the Dasch operation (on April 25, 1944), a solitary [[Abwehr]] agent,
====
In November,
===German landings in Newfoundland===
====Weather Station Kurt, Martin Bay
Accurate weather reporting was important to the sea war and on September 18, 1943, ''[[U-537]]'' sailed from [[Kiel]], via [[Bergen, Norway]], with a meteorological team led by Professor Kurt Sommermeyer. They landed at Martin Bay near the northern tip of [[Labrador]] on October 22, 1943 and successfully set up an automatic weather station ("[[Weather Station Kurt]]" or "''Wetter-Funkgerät Land-26''"), despite the constant risk of Allied air patrols.<ref name=hadley1990ch5>{{Citation
|title=U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters
Line 139 ⟶ 77:
|year=1990
|isbn=9780773508019
|url=http://books.google.com/
|chapter=Chapter five, The Intelligenc Gatherers: Langbein, Janow and Kurt
|chapter-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LJJez91DyYcC&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q=&f=false
|pages=
}}</ref> The station was powered by batteries
|url=http://itotd.com/articles/501/weather-station-kurt/
|title=Weather Station Kurt
Line 150 ⟶ 88:
}}</ref> At the beginning of July 1944, ''U-867'' left Bergen to replace the equipment, but was sunk en route.<ref name=hadley1990ch5 /> The weather station remained undisturbed by the locals until the 1980s and is now at the [[Canadian War Museum]].
==
====Atlantic Ocean====
{{also|Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States#World_War_II}}
The Atlantic Ocean was a major strategic battle zone (the "[[Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)|Battle of the Atlantic]]") and when Germany declared war on the U.S., the [[East Coast of the United States]] offered easy pickings for German [[U-Boat]]s (referred to as the "[[Second Happy Time]]"). After a highly successful foray by five [[German Type IX submarine|Type IX]] long-range U-boats, the offensive was maximized by the use of short-range [[German Type VII submarine|Type VII]] U-boats, with increased fuel stores, replenished from [[German Type XIV submarine|supply U-boats]] called ''Milchkühe'' (milk cows). From February to May 1942, 348 ships were sunk, for the loss of 2 U-boats during April and May. U.S. naval commanders were reluctant to introduce the convoy system that had protected trans-Atlantic shipping{{Clarify|date=July 2010}} and, without coastal [[Blackout (wartime)|blackouts]], shipping was silhouetted against the bright lights of American towns and cities such as [[Atlantic City]] until a [[Blackout (wartime)|dim-out]] was ordered in May.<ref>{{Citation |last=Leckie |first=Robert |year=1964 |title=The Story of World War II |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=100}}</ref>
The cumulative effect of this campaign was severe; a quarter of all wartime sinkings – 3.1 million tons. There were several reasons for this. The naval commander, Admiral [[Ernest King]], was averse to taking British recommendations to introduce convoys, U.S. Coast Guard and Navy patrols were predictable and could be avoided by U-boats, inter-service co-operation was poor, and the U.S. Navy did not possess enough suitable escort vessels (British and Canadian warships were transferred to the U.S. east coast).
====East Coast====
{{Main|Torpedo Alley (North Carolina)}}
Several ships were torpedoed within sight of [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] cities such as New York and [[Boston]]; indeed, some civilians sat on [[beach]]es and watched battles between U.S. and German ships.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} The only documented World War II sinking of a U-boat close to New England shores occurred on May 5, 1945, when the [[German submarine U-853|U-853]] torpedoed and sank the [[collier (ship)|collier]] ''[[Black Point (ship)|Black Point]]'' off [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. When the ''Black Point'' was hit, the U.S. Navy immediately chased down the sub and began dropping [[depth charge]]s. The next day, when an [[oil slick]] and floating debris appeared, they confirmed that the U-853 and its entire crew had been destroyed. In recent years, the U-853 has become a popular dive site. Its intact hull, with open hatches, is located in {{convert|130|ft}} of water off [[Block Island]], Rhode Island.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.ecophotoexplorers.com/u853.asp
|title= On Final Attack, The Story of the U853
Line 176 ⟶ 111:
|accessdate=2008-12-01}}.</ref>
====
Once convoys and air cover were introduced in the Atlantic, sinking numbers were reduced and the U-boats shifted to attack shipping in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. During 1942 and 1943, more than 20 U-boats operated in the Gulf of Mexico. They attacked tankers transporting oil from ports in Texas and Louisiana, successfully sinking 56 vessels. By the end of 1943, the U-boat attacks diminished as the merchant ships began to travel in armed convoys.<ref name="U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico Region">{{Citation
|url=http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/archaeological/world_war_II.html
|title= World War II Shipwrecks
|author=U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico Region
|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref>
In one instance, the [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''Virginia'' was torpedoed in the mouth of the [[Mississippi River]] by the German U-Boat [[U-507]] on May 12, 1942, killing 26 crewmen. There were 14 survivors. Again, when defensive measures were introduced, ship sinkings decreased and U-boat sinkings increased.
Line 187 ⟶ 122:
[[German submarine U-166 (1941)|U-166]] was the only U-boat sunk in the Gulf of Mexico during the war. Once thought to have been sunk by a torpedo dropped from a U.S. Coast Guard Utility Amphibian [[Grumman Widgeon|J4F aircraft]] on August 1, 1942, U-166 is now believed to have been sunk two days earlier by depth charges from the ''Robert E. Lee''’s naval escort, the U.S. Navy sub-chaser, [[PC-566]]. It is thought that the J4F aircraft may have spotted and attacked another German submarine, [[U-171]], which was operating in the area at the same time. U-166 lies in 5,000 feet of water within a mile of her last victim, the passenger ship ''SS Robert E. Lee''.<ref name="U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico Region" />
===
{{Main|Battle of the St. Lawrence}}
From the start of the war in 1939 until VE Day, several of Canada's Atlantic coast ports became important to the resupply effort for the United Kingdom and later for the Allied land offensive on the Western Front. [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] and [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]] became the primary convoy assembly ports, with Halifax being assigned the fast or priority convoys (largely troops and essential material) with the more modern merchant ships, while Sydney was given slow convoys which conveyed bulkier material on older and more vulnerable merchant ships. Both ports were heavily fortified with shore radar emplacements, search light batteries, and extensive coastal artillery stations all manned by RCN and Canadian Army regular and reserve personnel. Military intelligence agents enforced strict blackouts throughout the areas and anti-torpedo nets were in place at the harbor entrances. Despite the fact that no landings of German personnel took place near these ports, there were frequent attacks by U-boats on convoys departing for Europe. Less extensively used, but no less important, was the port of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] which also saw [[matériel]] funneled through the port, largely after the United States entered the war in December 1941. The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] mainline from central Canada (which crossed the state of [[Maine]]) could be used to transport in aid of the war effort.
Although not crippling to the Canadian war effort, given the country's rail network to the east coast ports, but possibly more destructive to the morale of the Canadian public, was the [[Battle of the St. Lawrence]], when U-boats began to attack domestic coastal shipping along Canada's east coast in the [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] from early 1942 through to the end of the shipping season in late 1944.
===
Three significant attacks took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four [[iron ore]] carriers serving the [[Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation|DOSCO]] iron mine at [[Wabana, Newfoundland and Labrador|Wabana]] on [[Bell Island]] in [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]'s [[Conception Bay]]. The ships S.S. ''Saganaga'' and the S.S. ''Lord Strathcona'' were sunk by ''U-513'' on September 5, 1942, while the S.S. ''Rosecastle'' and ''P.L.M 27'' were sunk by ''[[U-518]]'' on November 2 with the loss of 69 lives. After the sinkings the submarine fired a torpedo that missed its target, the 3,000-ton collier ''Anna T'', and struck the DOSCO loading pier and exploded. As a result of the torpedo missing its target, [[Bell Island]] became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces during World War II. On October 14, 1942, the [[Newfoundland Railway]] ferry [[SS Caribou|SS ''Caribou'']] was torpedoed by the German U-boat U-''69'' and sunk in the [[Cabot Strait]] south of [[Channel-Port aux Basques, Newfoundland and Labrador|Port aux Basques]]. ''Caribou'' was carrying 45 crew and 206 civilian and military passengers. 137 lost their lives, many of them Newfoundlanders.
=== Caribien ===
{{hovedartikel|Slaget om Caribien}}
En tysk ubåd bombarderede et [[Standard Oil]]-raffinaderi på den hollandske ø [[Aruba]] den [[16. februar]] [[1942]], der dog ikke forårsagede nogen skader.<ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,884455,00.html |titel={{en sprog}} Shells at Aruba |udgivelsesdato=23. februar 1942 |udgiver=Time Magazine |besøgsdato=9. december 2007}}</ref><ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/aaf1.html |titel={{en sprog}} Defense of the Western Hemisphere |udgiver=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |besøgsdato=9. december 2007}}</ref>
En tysk ubåd bombardere øen [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]], omkring
Et olieraffinaderi på [[Curaçao]] blev beskudt den [[19. april]].
== Japanske operationer ==
=== Japanske ubådsoperationer ===
==== Vestkysten og Alaska ====
Flere skibe blev torpederet inden for synsvidde af byer på [[Vestkysten (USA)|vestkysten]], såsom [[Los Angeles]] [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], [[San Diego]] og [[Santa Monica]]. I løbet af 1941 og 1942, opererede mere end 10 japanske ubåde ved vestkysten [[Alaska]] og [[Baja California]]. De angreb amerikanske, canadiske og mexicanske skibe, og det lykkedes dem at sænke 10 skibe, inklusiv den [[Sovjetiske flåde|sovjetiske]] ubåd L-16 den [[11. oktober]] 1942.
=== Ellwood-bombardementet ===
{{hovedartikel|Ellwood-bombardementet}}
USA's [[fastland]] blev første gang beskudt af aksemagterne den [[23. februar]] [[1942]], da den japanske [[I-17 (Japan)|ubåd ''I-17'']] angreb [[Ellwood Oil Field]] vest for [[Goleta, Californien|Goleta]], nær [[Santa Barbara]] i [[Californien]]. Selvom kun et pumpehus og gangbroen på en oliekilde blev beskadiget, rapportere kaptajnen på ''I-17'', Nishino Kozo Tokyo, at han havde forladt Santa Barbara i flammer. Ingen tilskadekomne blev rapporteret og de samlede udgifter til skader, blev officielt anslået til ca. 500-1.000 [[Amerikansk dollar|amerikanske dollars]].<ref name=Ellwood>{{kilde www |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/Ellwood.html |titel={{en sprog}} The Shelling of Ellwood |udgiver=The California State Military Museum |besøgsdato=9. december 2007}}</ref> Nyheder om bombningen udløste en [[Slaget om Los Angeles|invasionfrygt]] langs den amerikansk vestkyst.<ref>Young, Donald J. [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031956.html {{en sprog}} Phantom Japanese Raid on Los Angeles] ''Word War II Magazine'', september 2003</ref>
====Bombardment of Estevan Point Lighthouse====
More than 5 Japanese submarines operated in [[Western Canada]] during 1941 and 1942. On June 20, 1942, the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-26|''I-26'']], under the command of Yokota Minoru,<ref name=sensuikan>{{Citation
|url=http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-26.htm
|title=SENSUIKAN! — HIJMS Submarine I-26: Tabular Record of Movement
|publisher=combinedfleet.com
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> fired 25-30 rounds of 5.5" shells at the [[Estevan Point]] lighthouse on [[Vancouver Island]] in [[British Columbia]], but failed to hit its target.<ref>{{Citation
|title=Guarding the United States and its Outposts
|first1=Stetson
|last1=Conn
|last2=Engelman
|first=Rose C.
|last3=Fairchild
|first3=Byron
|publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
| year = 2000
| origyear= 1964
| id = CMH Pub 4-2
|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch4.htm#b1
| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents
|chapter=The Continental Defense Commands After Pearl Harbor
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> This marked the first enemy shelling of Canadian soil since the [[War of 1812]]. Though no casualties were reported, the subsequent decision to turn off the lights of outer stations was disastrous for shipping activity.<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.pinetreeline.org/rds/detail/rds99-34.html
|title=Japanese Submarines on the West Coast of Canada
|publisher=pinetreeline.org
|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>
====Bombardment of Fort Stevens====
{{See also|Bombardment of Fort Stevens}}
In what became the only attack on a mainland American military installation during World War II, the Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-25|''I-25'']], under the command of Tagami Meiji,<ref name=sensuikan /> surfaced near the mouth of the [[Columbia River]], [[Oregon]] on the night of June 21 and June 22, 1942, and fired shells toward [[Fort Stevens (Oregon)|Fort Stevens]]. The only damage officially recorded was to a [[baseball|baseball field]]'s backstop. Probably the most significant damage was a shell that damaged some large phone cables. The Fort Stevens gunners were refused permission to return fire, since it would have helped the Japanese locate their target more accurately. American aircraft on training flights spotted the submarine, which was subsequently attacked by a US bomber, but escaped.
====Lookout Air Raids====
{{Main|Lookout Air Raids}}
[[File:Fujita&Glen.jpg|thumb|185px|[[Nobuo Fujita]] standing by his E14Y]] The Lookout Air Raids occurred on September 9, 1942. The first and only [[Airstrike|aerial bombing]] of mainland America by a foreign power occurred when an attempt to start a [[forest fire]] was made by a Japanese [[Yokosuka E14Y|Yokosuka E14Y1 "Glen"]] [[seaplane]] dropping two {{convert|80|kg|abbr=on}} [[incendiary bomb]]s over [[Mount Emily]], near [[Brookings, Oregon]]. The seaplane, piloted by [[Nobuo Fujita]], had been launched from the Japanese [[submarine aircraft carrier]] ''[[Japanese submarine I-25|I-25]]''. No significant damage was officially reported following the attack, nor after a repeat attempt on September 29.
===Fire balloon attacks===
{{Main|Fire balloon}}
[[File:Mitchell Monument.jpg|thumb|right|125px|Mitchell Monument]]Between November 1944 and April 1945, the Japanese Navy launched over 9,000 fire balloons toward North America. Carried by the recently discovered Pacific [[jet stream]], they were to sail over the Pacific Ocean and land in North America, where the Japanese hoped they would start forest fires and cause other damage. About three hundred were reported as reaching North America, but little damage was caused. Six people (five children and a woman) became the only deaths due to enemy action to occur on mainland America during World War II when one of the children tampered with a bomb from a balloon near [[Bly, Oregon]] and it exploded.<ref name="wired">{{cite web|last=Kravets|first=David|title=May 5, 1945: Japanese Balloon Bomb Kills 6 in Oregon|url=http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/05/0505japanese-balloon-kills-oregon/|work=[[Wired.com]]|accessdate=4 October 2010}}</ref> The site is marked by a stone monument at the [[Mitchell Recreation Area]] in the [[Fremont-Winema National Forest]]. Recently released reports by the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and the Canadian military indicate that fire balloons reached as far inland as Manitoba. A fire balloon is also considered to be a possible cause of the third fire in the [[Tillamook Burn]]. One member of the [[555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)|555th Parachute Infantry Battalion]] died while responding to a fire in the Northwest August 6, 1945; other casualties of the 555th were two fractures and 20 other injuries.
== Bortfaldne operationer fra Aksemagterne ==
=== Japan ===
Umiddelbart efter angrebet på Pearl Harbor, patruljerede en styrke på syv japanske ubåde USA's vestkyst. Gruppen lavede planer om at bombardere mål i Californien [[juleaften]] 1941. Imidlertid blev angrebet udskudt til den [[27. december]] og til sidst aflyst på grund af frygt for amerikanske gengældelsesaktioner.
Japanerne fremstillede en plan tidligt i [[Stillehavetskrigen]] for at angribe [[Panamakanalenen]], der var en livsvigtig vandpassage i [[Panama]], som primært blev brugt under 2. verdenskrig til de Allieredes forsyninger. Det japanske angreb blev aldrig iværksat på grund af ødelæggende flådetab i begyndelsen af konflikt med USA og Storbritannien. (se: [[Aichi M6A]])
Den [[kejserlige japanske hær]] iværksatte [[Project Z]] (også kaldet Z-bombflysprojektet) i 1942 i lighed med det nazityske [[Amerika Bomber]]-projekt, til at designe et interkontinentalt bombefly i stand til at nå Nordamerika. Projektet Z-flyet skulle have seks motorer på 5.000 hestekræfter hver. [[Nakajima Hikoki KK]] begyndte hurtigt at udvikle motorer til flyet, og foreslog en fordobling af HA-44 motorer (den mest kraftfulde motor tilgængelig i Japan) i en 36-cylindret motor.<ref>{{kilde bog |efternavn=Horn |fornavn=Steve |titel=The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II |udgiver=Naval Institute Press |år=2005 |sider=265 |id=ISBN 9781591143888 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q1k_5R-6rUUC&pg=RA1-PA265 |sprog=engelsk}}</ref> Modeller blev præsenteret for den kejserlige japanske hær, herunder [[Nakajima G10N]], [[Kawasaki Ki-91]] og [[Nakajima G5N]]. Ingen videreudviklede prototyper eller vindtunnelmodellerne, bortset fra G5N. I 1945 blev Z-projektet og andre tunge bombeflysprojekter annulleret.
=== Italien ===
En plan blev udtænkt af [[Kongeriget Italien]], for at angribe [[New Yorks havn]] med ubåde. Men som krigslykken skiftede mod Italien, blev planen udskudt og senere skrottet.<ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=99&lid=1&cid=4 |arbejde=Regia Marina Italiana |titel=Operations |forfatter=Christiano D'Adamo |sprog=engelsk og italiensk}}</ref>
=== Tyskland ===
I 1940 bad det tyske [[Reichsluftfahrtministerium|luftfartsministrium]] ({{lang-de|Reichsluftfahrtministerium}}) om design fra de største tyske flyvirksomheder til deres [[Amerika Bomber]]-program, hvor en lang række strategiske bombefly skulle ramme det kontinentale USA fra [[Azorerne]]. Planlægning var færdig i 1942, men projektet blev opgivet da det var for dyrt.
Under krigen forsøgte medlemmer af [[Wehrmacht]] at påvirke Hitlers beslutning om at studere biologisk krigsførelse udelukkende til forsvar. Lederen af Science Afdeling for Wehrmacht, [[Erich Schumann]], prøvede at overbevise Hitler, om at ''USA skulle blive angrebet samtidig med forskellige menneske- og dyrepidemier fra patogene organismer'', samt skadegørere på planter. Planerne kom aldrig ud i livet grundet modstand fra Hitler.<ref>''Biologists Under Hitler'' Ute Deichmann, Thomas Dunlap Harvard University Press 1999, s. 280</ref>
== Falske alarmer ==
These false alarms have generally been attributed to military and civilian inexperience with war and poor radars of that era. Critics have theorized they were a deliberate attempt by the Army to frighten the public in order to stimulate interest in war preparations.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum>[http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist9/aaf1.html The Virtual Museum of The City of San Francisco THE ARMY AIR FORCES IN WORLD WAR II; DEFENSE OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE]</ref>
===Alerts following Pearl Harbor===
On December 8, 1941 rumors of an enemy carrier off the coast led to the closing of schools in [[Oakland, California]], a blackout enforced by local wardens and radio silence followed that evening.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/> The reports reaching Washington of an attack on San Francisco were regarded as credible.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/> The affair was described as a test but Lt. Gen. [[John L. DeWitt]] of the [[Western Defense Command]] said “Last night there were planes over this community. They were enemy planes! I mean Japanese planes! And they were tracked out to sea. You think it was a hoax? It is damned nonsense for sensible people to assume that the Army and Navy would practice such a hoax on San Francisco.”<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/> Rumors continued on the west coast in the following days. An alert of a similar nature occurred in the Northeast on December 9.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/> At noon advices were received that hostile planes were only two hours’ distance away.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/> Although there was no general hysteria, fighter aircraft from [[Mitchel Field]] on Long Island took the air to intercept the "raiders". [[Wall Street]] had its worst sell off since the [[fall of France]], school children in New York City were sent home and several radio stations left the air.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/> In Boston police shifted heavy stores of guns and ammunition from storage vaults to stations throughout the city, and industrial establishments were advised to prepare for a raid.<ref name=SanFranciscoMuseum/>
=== Bedredskabsalarmer i 1942 ===
=== Slaget om Los Angeles ===
{{hovedartikel|Slaget om Los Angeles}}
Slaget om Los Angeles ({{lang-en|The Battle of Los Angeles}}), også kendt som "The Great Los Angeles Air Raid", er navnet givet af samtidige kilder til det imaginære fjendtlige angreb og efterfølgende antiluft- og artilleribombardement, som fandt sted fra den [[24. februar]] til begyndelsen af den [[25. februar]] [[1942]] i [[Los Angeles]], [[Californien]].<ref name="Caughy">{{kilde bog |efternavn=Caughey |fornavn=John |medforfattere=Caughey, LaRee |titel=Los Angeles: biography of a city |url=http://books.google.com/?id=YADTxxBmer8C&pg=PA364&dq=great+los+angeles+air+raid&q=great%20los%20angeles%20air%20raid |år=1977 |udgiver=University of California Press |id=ISBN 9780520034105 |sprog=engelsk}}</ref><ref name="Farley">{{kilde bog |efternavn=Farley |fornavn=John E. |titel=Earthquake fears, predictions, and preparations in mid-America |url=http://books.google.com/?id=N_pf4YBuu9wC&pg=PA14&dq=%22great+los+angeles+air+raid%22&q=%22great%20los%20angeles%20air%20raid%22 |hentedato=[[17. maj]] [[2010]] |år=[[1998]] |udgiver=Southern Illinois University Press |id=ISBN 9780809322015 |sprog=engelsk}}</ref> Oprindeligt var målet for luftspærreilden formodet at have været en angribende styrke fra Japan, men [[flådeminister]] [[Frank Knox]], der talte ved en pressekonference kort efter, kaldte hændelsen en "falsk alarm". Aviser fra den tid offentliggjore en række opsigtsvækkende rapporter og spekulationer om et dække. Da dokumentation fra hændelsen i 1983 blev offentligjort, tilskriver det amerikanske Office of Air Force History begivenheden, som et tilfælde af "krigsnerver", sandsynligvis udløst af en tabt vejrballon og forværret af omstrejfende flammer og bombebrister fra tilstødende batterier.<ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/BattleofLA.html |titel=California and the Second World War; The Battle of Los Angeles |udgiver=The California State Military Museum |besøgsdato=[[9. december]] [[2007]] |sprog=engelsk}}
</ref><ref>{{kilde www |url=http://www.sfmuseum.net/hist9/aaf2.html |titel=The Battle of Los Angeles |udgiver=Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco |besøgsdato=[[9. december]] [[2007]] |sprog=engelsk}}</ref>
====
I maj og juni 1942, undergik [[San Francisco Bay Area]] en række luftalarmer:
* [[12. maj]]: Et 25 minutter langt [[luftangreb]]salarm.
* [[27. maj]]: Forsvaret på vestkysten blev sat i beredskab efter Hærens [[Kryptoanalyse|kodebrydere]] fandt ud af at japanerne planlagde en række hit-and-run-angreb som gengæld for [[Doolittle-raidet]].
* [[31. maj]]: Slagskibene [[USS Colorado (BB-45)|USS ''Colorado'']] og [[USS Maryland (BB-46)|USS ''Maryland'']] sejlede fra [[Golden Gate]] for at danne en forsvarslinje mod ethvert japansk angreb mod [[San Francisco]].
*[[2. juni]] [[1942]]: Et ni minutter langt [[luftangreb]]salarm blev beordret, og klokken 21:22 blev der beordret radiotavshed for alle [[radiostation]]er fra Mexico til Canada.
== Se også ==
*[[Angreb på Nordamerika under 1. verdenskrig]]
*[[Amerika Bomber]]
*[[Angrebet på Pearl Harbor]], [[Territoriet Hawaii|Hawaii]]
*[[Slaget om Aleuterne]]
*[[Slaget om Atlanten (1939-1945)]]
*[[Japanske spioner, 1930–45]]
*[[Project Z]]
== Fodnoter ==
{{reflist}}
==
{{refbegin}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Dobbs |fornavn=Michael |titel=Saboteurs: The Nazi Raid on America |år=2004 |id=ISBN 0-375-41470-3 |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Duffy |fornavn=J.P. |titel=TARGET: AMERICA, Hitler's Plan to Attack the United States |url=http://www.jp.duffy.net/ |udgiver=Praeger Publishers; PB: The Lyons Press |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Gimpel |fornavn=Erich |titel=Agent 146: The True Story of a Nazi Spy in America |år=2003 |id=ISBN 0-312-30797-7 |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Griehl |fornavn=Manfred |titel=Luftwaffe over America: The Secret Plans to Bomb the United States in World War II |år=2004 |id= ISBN 1-85367-608-X |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Horn |fornavn=Steve |titel=The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II |udgiver=Naval Institute Press |år=2005 |id=ISBN 1-59114-388-8 |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Mikesh |fornavn=Robert C. |titel=Japan's World War II Balloon Bomb Attacks on North America |udgiver=Smithsonian Institution Press |år=1973 |id= |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde www |efternavn=Kesich |fornavn=Gregory D. |titel=1944: When spies came to Maine |url=http://travel.mainetoday.com/regions/da/spies.shtml |udgiver=Portland Press Herald |dato=[[13. april]] [[2003]] |besøgsdato=[[9. december]] [[2007]] |arkivurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070922085246/http://travel.mainetoday.com/regions/da/spies.shtml |arkivdato=[[22. december]] [[2007]] |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=Webber |fornavn=Bert |titel=Silent Siege: Japanese Attacks Against North America in World War II |udgiver=Ye Galleon Press |år=1984 |sted=Fairfield, Washington (1984) |id=ISBN 0-87770-315-9 |sprog=engelsk}}
*{{kilde bog |efternavn=O'Hara |fornavn=Vincent |titel=The German fleet at war, 1939-1945 |udgiver=Naval Institute Press |år=2004 |id= |sprog=engelsk}}
{{refend}}
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{{2. verdenskrig}}
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:
[[de:Angriffe auf Nordamerika während des Zweiten Weltkriegs]]
[[en:American Theater (1939–1945)]]
[[es:Ataques en Norteamérica durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial]]
[[ja:アメリカ本土
[[pt:Ataques na América durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial]]
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