Bruger:Christian89/Sandkasse2: Forskelle mellem versioner
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Omstændigheder som [[iltmangel]], [[infektion]]er, [[stress]] og [[underernæring]] hos den gravide kan medføre udvikling af skizofreni ved afkommet senere i livet.<ref name=Lancet09/> Individer diagnosticeret med lidelsen er ofte født om vinteren eller foråret, hvor der er størst risiko for [[virus|virale infektioner]] af fosteret.<ref name=BMJ07/> Mistanken om sammenhængen mellem underernæring og udvikling af skizofreni er bla. baseret på en periode under [[2. verdenskrig]], hvor vestlige dele af [[Holland]] var blokeret af tyskerene og der var udbredt sult, mens den østlige del ikke var så hårdt ramt. Sammenligning mellem de to grupper viste at fostre i vinteren 1944-1945 havde en øget risiko for senere at udvikle skizofreni som følge af den dårligere ernæring.<ref>E. S. Susser, S. P. Lin, "[http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/49/12/983 Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945]", ''[[Archives of General Psychiatry]]'', 2004. Engelsk-sproget videnskabelig artikel om skizofreni og sultkatastrofen i Holland.</ref>
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Flere neuropsykiatriske studier har forsøgt at forklare sammenhængen mellem ændret hjernefunktion og skizofreni, hvilket har ledt til en række fund og teorier.<ref>[[#refRosenberg2009|Rosenberg]] s. 248</ref> En af de mest kendte er dopaminhypotesen, som antager at skizofreni skyldes øget [[dopamin|dopaminerg]] signalering i
=== Kognitive ændringer ===
▲Many psychological mechanisms have been implicated in the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. [[Cognitive bias]]es have been identified in those with the diagnosis or those at risk, especially when under stress or in confusing situations.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Broome MR, Woolley JB, Tabraham P, ''et al.'' |title=What causes the onset of psychosis? |journal=Schizophr. Res. |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=23–34 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16198238 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.007}}</ref> Some cognitive features may reflect global [[neurocognitive deficit]]s such as memory loss, while others may be related to particular issues and experiences.<ref name="Bentall_et_al_2007">{{vcite journal |author=Bentall RP, Fernyhough C, Morrison AP, Lewis S, Corcoran R |year=2007 |title=Prospects for a cognitive-developmental account of psychotic experiences |journal=Br J Clin Psychol |volume=46 | issue=Pt 2 |pages=155–73 |pmid=17524210 | doi = 10.1348/014466506X123011}}</ref><ref name="Kurtz_2005">{{vcite journal |author=Kurtz MM |year=2005 |title=Neurocognitive impairment across the lifespan in schizophrenia: an update |journal=[[Schizophrenia Research]] |volume=74 | issue=1 |pages=15–26 |pmid=15694750 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.005}}</ref>
Despite a demonstrated appearance of blunted affect, recent findings indicate that many individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are emotionally responsive, particularly to stressful or negative stimuli, and that such sensitivity may cause vulnerability to symptoms or to the disorder.<ref name="schizophrenia1">{{vcite journal |author=Cohen AS, Docherty NM |year=2004 |title=Affective reactivity of speech and emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia |journal=[[Schizophrenia Research]] |volume=69 | issue=1 |pages=7–14 |pmid=15145465 |doi=10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00069-0 }}</ref><ref>{{vcite journal |author=Horan WP, Blanchard JJ |year=2003 |title=Emotional responses to psychosocial stress in schizophrenia: the role of individual differences in affective traits and coping |journal=[[Schizophrenia Research]] |volume=60 | issue=2–3 |pages=271–83 |pmid=12591589 |doi=10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00227-X}}</ref> Some evidence suggests that the content of delusional beliefs and psychotic experiences can reflect emotional causes of the disorder, and that how a person interprets such experiences can influence symptomatology.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Smith B, Fowler DG, Freeman D, ''et al.'' |title=Emotion and psychosis: links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations |journal=Schizophr. Res. |volume=86 |issue=1–3 |pages=181–8 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16857346 |doi=10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018}}</ref><ref>{{vcite journal |author=Beck, AT |year=2004 |title=A Cognitive Model of Schizophrenia |journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=18 | issue=3 |pages=281–88 | doi = 10.1891/jcop.18.3.281.65649}}</ref><ref>{{vcite journal |author=Bell V, Halligan PW, Ellis HD |year=2006 |title=Explaining delusions: a cognitive perspective |journal=[[Trends (journals)|Trends in Cognitive Science]] |volume=10 | issue=5 |pages=219–26 |pmid=16600666 |doi=10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.004}}</ref> The use of "[[safety|safety behaviors]]" to avoid imagined threats may contribute to the [[Chronic (medicine)|chronicity]] of delusions.<ref name="Freeman_BRT_2007">{{vcite journal |author=Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Bebbington PE, Dunn G |title=Acting on persecutory delusions: the importance of safety seeking |journal=Behav Res Ther |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=16530161 |doi=10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.014 |url=}}</ref> Further evidence for the role of psychological mechanisms comes from the effects of [[psychotherapies]] on symptoms of schizophrenia.<ref>{{vcite journal |author=Kuipers E, Garety P, Fowler D, Freeman D, Dunn G, Bebbington P |title=Cognitive, emotional, and social processes in psychosis: refining cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent positive symptoms |journal=Schizophr Bull |volume=32 Suppl 1 |pages=S24–31 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16885206 |pmc=2632539 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbl014 }}</ref>
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