Bruger:Santac/sandkasse3

Moskva

Historie

Under den store fædrelandskrig (det russiske navn for Østfronten under 2. verdenskrig) var hovedkvarteret for forsvaret og generalstaben for den Røde hær placeret i Moskva. I 1941 blev 16 divisioner (over 160.000 personer), 25 bataljoner (18.800 personer) og fire ingeniørregimenter dannet ud af frivillige moskovitter. I november 1941 blev den tyske Centerarme stoppet i byens forstæder og dernæst drevet ud under Slaget om Moskva. Mange fabrikker blev evakueret sammen med meget af centraladministrationen, og fra d. 20. oktober blev byen erklæret under belejring. De tilbageværende indbyggere byggede og bemandede panserværnsvåben-forsvarsværker, mens byen blev bombarderet fra luften. Det er værd at bemærke, at Josef Stalin nægtede at forlade byen, hvilket betød, at den øverste militære ledelse også blev. På trods af belejringen og bombningerne fortsatte konstruktionen af Moskvas metro, som begyndte i de tidlige 1930'ere, og ved krigens slutning åbnede flere nye metrolinjer. Den 1. maj blev en medalje: For forsvaret af Moskva 1944 stiftet, og i 1947 blev en anden medalje stiftet – Til minde om Moskvas 800 års jubilæum. For at fejre 20 året for sejren i 2 verdenskrig blev Moskva den 8. maj 1965 sammen med 11 andre byer udnævnt til Helteby.

Sommer-OL 1980

I 1991 var Moskva ramme om et kupforsøg fra regeringsmedlemmer imod Michail Gorbatjovs reformer. Da Sovjetunionen blev opløst samme år fortsatte Moskva med at være hovedstad, nu i Rusland. Siden da er der udviklet en markedsøkonomi, hvilket har skabt en eksplosion i vestlige forretninger, serviceudbud, arkitektur og livsstil.

1999

Im Jahre 1999 wurde Moskau von den verheerendsten Terroranschlägen seiner Geschichte erschüttert. Am 9. September führte ein Bombenattentat auf ein neunstöckiges Wohnhaus an der Gurjanow-Straße zu 95 Toten und 264 Verletzten. Am 13. September kamen bei einem Anschlag auf ein neunstöckiges Wohnhaus an der Kaschirskoje-Chaussee 121 Menschen ums Leben, neun wurden verletzt. Die Urheberschaft der Anschläge konnte bis heute nicht geklärt werden. Während die Regierung tschetschenische Terroristen verantwortlich macht, beschuldigen Kritiker des russischen Präsidenten Geheimdienstagenten, die Bomben in den Hauskellern deponiert zu haben.

2002/2003

Am 23. Oktober 2002 stürmte ein Kommando von 41 tschetschenischen Geiselnehmern, unter ihnen 19 Frauen, das Dubrowka-Theater während der Aufführung des Musicals „Nord-Ost“, brachte rund 800 Zuschauer, Musiker und Schauspieler in seine Gewalt. Den Überfall leitete der tschetschenische Rebell Mowsar Barajew, als Organisator gilt der Feldkommandeur Schamil Bassajew. Bei der Erstürmung durch russische Sonderpolizeieinheiten kamen 170 Menschen, darunter 129 Geiseln, nach dem Einsatz eines Kampfgases ums Leben.

Bei einem Anschlag auf jugendliche Teilnehmer eines Rockfestivals nahe dem Moskauer Flugplatz Tuschino kamen am 5. Juli 2003 einschließlich der Selbstmordattentäterinnen 16 Menschen ums Leben. Am 6. Februar 2004 wurden bei einem Bombenanschlag auf eine voll besetzte Metro in der Nähe der Station Awtosawodskaja 39 Menschen getötet und 140 verletzt.

Moscow-city

Sommer-OL 2012

Slaget ved Kulikovo

Slaget ved Kulikovo (russisk: Куликовская битва ), blev udkæmpet mellem tatar-mongolerne (den gyldne horde) og russerne den 8. september 1380 på Kulikovasletten nær Donfloden..Slaget resulterede i russisk sejr.

The Battle of Kulikovo (russisk: Куликовская битва, битва на Куликовском поле) was fought by the Tartaro-Mongols (the Golden Horde) and the Russians. The battle took place on September 8, 1380 at the Kulikovo Field near the Don River (now Tula Oblast) and resulted in a Russian victory. The battle's site is commemorated by a memorial church, built to a design by Aleksey Shchusev.

Background

Moscow, along with many other Russian lands, was conquered by the armies of Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan in the 13th century, and was made a tribute payer to the Golden Horde. Russian leaders long sought for independence. Under Prince Dmitri Ivanovich, Grand Duchy of Moscow became the most powerful of Russian princedoms.

In 1370, Tatar warlord Mamai took the power in Golden Horde and accepted the title of Great Khan. As he wasn't a genghisid, his position remained vulnerable as there were legal descendants of Genghis Khan who could pretend to the throne. Mamai sought to affirm his sovereignty over the tributary lands of the Golden Horde. In 1378 he sent forces led by warlord Murza Begich to enforce the Moscow Prince's obedience. But the Horde army was defeated at the battle of the Vozha River and Begich was killed.

Two years later Mamai led his armies to Rus himself. Prior to invading, he conducted negotiations with Prince Jogaila of Lithuania and Russian prince Oleg of Ryazan, a fierce enemy to Dmitry. The armies of Lithuania and Ryazan were sent to join the Tatars. Mamai set his camp on the shore of Don, waiting for allies.

Dmitry mobilised his troops and allies in Kolomna to resist the invasion. In Troitse-Sergieva Lavra he met St. Sergius of Radonezh, who blessed the Russian armies to fight Fact|date=January 2008}}. Dmitri knew about approaching the armies of Lithuania and Ryazan, and decided not to wait but to attack Mamai immediately, before he could be reinforced. On September 7, 1380, the Russians crossed the Don.

Forces

Combined Russian armies under the command of the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow (called "Dmitry of the Don" afterwards) faced a much larger Tatar force under the command of Mamai, a strongman of the Golden Horde. Mamai's allies, Grand Prince Oleg of Ryazan and Grand Prince Jogaila of Lithuania were late to the battle. The old Russian poem Zadonshchina lists 150,000 Russians and 300,000 Tartaro-Mongols, but the actual size of the Kulikovo Field would not allow such a quantity of troops. Most likely the figures were closer to 80,000 Russians, including seven thousand rebel Lithuanians, and 125,000 Tatars.

The Battle

Dmitry Donskoy in the thick of fray.

On the morning of September 8, a thick fog covered the Kulikovo Field. The fog cleared around 11 A.M, at which point both armies began simultaneously advancing on each other. The battle was allegedly opened by a single combat of two champions. The Russian champion was Alexander Peresvet, a monk from the Trinity Abbey sent to the battle by Saint Sergius. The Horde champion was Temir-murza (also Chelubey or Cheli-bey). The champions killed each other in the first run, though according to Russian legend, Peresvet did not fall from the saddle, while Temir-murza fell.

After approximately three hours of battle (from noon to 3 p.m.) the Russian forces were successful, although suffering great casualties, in holding off the Horde's attack. The cavalry of Vladimir, Prince of Serpukhov (Dmitri's cousin), led by Dmitri Bobrok, Prince of Volynia launched a flanking surprise counter strike and achieved victory over the Horde forces. Mamai escaped to Crimea, where he was assassinated by his enemies, leaving the Horde under the command of Tokhtamysh.

Legacy

This victory was the early signal of the end of the Mongol yoke, which officially ended with the great standing on the Ugra river a century later. Its spiritual importance for the unification of the Russian lands was even more important. As one historian put it Fact|date=March 2007}}, the Russians went to the Kulikovo Field as citizens of various principalities and returned as a united Russian nation. This view was possibly not shared by prince Oleg of Ryazan, who allied with the losing side.