Bruger:Pugilist/Sandkasse/Sovjetrepublikker
Republics not recognized by the Soviet Union
redigér| Emblem | Name | Flag | Capital | Official languages | Independence from Moldavian SSR declared | Independence from USSR declared | Population | Area (km²) | Post-Soviet states |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | .svg)
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Tiraspol | Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan | 2 September 1990 | 25 August 1991 | 680,000 (1989) |
4,163 (1989) |
Skabelon:Lande data Transnistria Moldova
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Other non-union Soviet republics
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The Turkestan Soviet Federative Republic was proclaimed in 1918 but did not survive to the founding of the USSR, becoming the short-lived Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the RSFSR. The Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida) was also proclaimed in 1918, but did not become a union republic and was made into an autonomous republic of the RSFSR, although the Crimean Tatars had a relative majority until the 1930s or 1940s according to censuses. When the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Soviet Union in 1944, it did not become a union republic, and was instead established as an autonomous republic of the RSFSR.
The leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Todor Zhivkov, suggested in the early 1960s that the country should become a union republic, but the offer was rejected.[1][2][3] During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviet Union proposed to annex Northern Afghanistan as its 16th union republic in what was to become the Afghan Soviet Socialist Republic.[4]
Unrealized Soviet states
redigér- The Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
- The Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
- The Korean ASSR
Workers' communes
redigér- The Volga Germans Workers' Commune
- The Estland Workers' Commune
- The Karelian Workers' Commune
- The Petrograd Workers' Commune, later the Northern Oblast Communes Association
Autonomous Republics of the Soviet Union
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Se også: Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics.Several of the Union Republics themselves, most notably Russia, were further subdivided into Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (ASSRs). Though administratively part of their respective Union Republics, ASSRs were also established based on ethnic/cultural lines.
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Former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
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Dissolution of the Soviet Union
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Starting in the late 1980s, under the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet government undertook a program of political reforms (glasnost and perestroika) intended to liberalise and revitalise the Union. These measures, however, had a number of unintended political and social effects. Political liberalisation allowed the governments of the union republics to openly invoke the principles of democracy and nationalism to gain legitimacy. In addition, the loosening of political restrictions led to fractures within the Communist Party which resulted in a reduced ability to govern the Union effectively. The rise of nationalist and right-wing movements, notably led by Boris Yeltsin in Russia, in the previously homogeneous political system undermined the Union's foundations. With the central role of the Communist Party removed from the constitution, the Party lost its control over the State machinery and was banned from operating after an attempted coup d'état.
Throughout this period of turmoil, the Soviet government attempted to find a new structure that would reflect the increased authority of the republics. Some autonomous republics, like Tatarstan, Checheno-Ingushetia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Crimea, Transnistria, Gagauzia sought the union statute in the New Union Treaty. Efforts to found a Union of Sovereign States, however, proved unsuccessful and the republics began to secede from the Union. By 6 September 1991, the Soviet Union's State Council recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania bringing the number of union republics down to 12. On 8 December 1991, the remaining leaders of the republics signed the Belavezha Accords which agreed that the USSR would be dissolved and replaced with a Commonwealth of Independent States. On 25 December, President Gorbachev announced his resignation and turned all executive powers over to Yeltsin. The next day the Council of Republics voted to dissolve the Union. Since then, the republics have been governed independently with some reconstituting themselves as liberal parliamentary republics and others, particularly in Central Asia, devolving into highly autocratic states under the leadership of the old Party elite.
See also
redigér- Flags of the Soviet Republics
- Emblems of the Soviet Republics
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Eurasian Economic Union
- National delimitation in the Soviet Union
- Bavarian Soviet Republic
- Hungarian Soviet Republic
- Slovak Soviet Republic
- Limerick Soviet
- Paris Commune
- Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (Polish SSR)
- Republics of Russia
- Federal subjects of Russia
- Post-Soviet states (former Soviet Republics)
Noter
redigér- ^ Known as Oyrot Autonomous Oblast in 1922-1948 and Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast in 1948-1990.
Referencer
redigér- ^ Elster, Jon (1996). The roundtable talks and the breakdown of communism. University of Chicago Press. s. 179. ISBN 0-226-20628-9.
- ^ Held, Joseph (1994). Dictionary of East European history since 1945. Greenwood Press. s. 84. ISBN 0-313-26519-4.
- ^ Gökay, Bülent (2001). Eastern Europe since 1970. Longman. s. 19. ISBN 0-582-32858-6.
- ^ Soviets may be poised to annex the Afghan North - Chicago Tribune. August 19, 1984. Retrieved on December 10, 2016. "Miraki said then-Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev urged Afghan President Babrak Karmal to win Afghan Communist Party approval for Moscow's annexation of eight northern provinces and their formation into the 16th Soviet republic, the Socialist Republic of Afghanistan. The defector said Brezhnev envisioned the southern half of the country as a powerless, Pa-than-speaking buffer with U.S.-backed Pakistan."
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